Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2024 (Rated A+)

Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2024 (Rated A+) APA definition of disorder - Answers A syndrome of clinically significant behavioural, cognitive, or emotional disturbances that reflect dysfunction in underlying mental processes Developmental norms - Answers Typical rates of growth, sequences of growth, and forms of physical skills, language, cognition, emotion, and social behaviour Theories of behaviourism and SLT - Answers Classical conditioning - Pavlov + Watson Law of Effect - Thorndike Operant learning - Skinner Behaviourism and SLT - Answers Emphasizes that most behaviour could be explained by learning experiences Law of Effect - Answers Behaviour is shaped by consequences Operant learning - Answers Humans learn from others Culture - Answers Groups of people are organized in specific ways, live in specific environments, and share specific attitudes and beliefs Ethnicity - Answers Common customs, values, language, or traits that are associated with geographic area or national origin Race - Answers Distinction based on physical characteristics, shared customs and values Secular trend - Answers Historical trends Demonology - Answers The belief that behaviour results from a person's being possessed or influenced by evil spirits Somatogenesis - Answers The belief that mental disorder can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance Syndrome - Answers Particular symptoms tended to group together Psychoanalytic theory - Answers 3 structures of the mind whose goals and tasks make conflict inevitable (Id, Ego, Superego) Psychogenesis - Answers Belief that mental problems are caused by psychological variables Secure attachment - Answers Infants seek contact with the caregiver upon return Insecure attachment - Answers Ignore the caregiver (avoidant) or display distress and make ineffective attempts to seek contact with the caregiver (resistant) Disorganized attachment - Answers Contradictory behaviour, incomplete/undirected movements, slow motion Goodness of fit - Answers How the child's behavioural tendencies fit with parental characteristics and other environmental circumstances Three dimensions of temperament - Answers Negative reactivity: emotional volatility or irritability Inhibition: child's response to new persons or situations, withdrawal Self-regulation: processes that facilitate or hinder reactivity Paradigm - Answers When a perspective is shared by investigators - includes assumptions and concepts as well as ways to evaluate them Theory - Answers A formal, integrated set of principles or propositions that explains a phenomena Interactional model - Answers Variables interrelate to produce an outcome Vulnerability-Stress model - Answers - Type of interactional model - Causes of psychopathology is the working together of a vulnerability factor and a stress factor. Both vulnerability and stress are necessary. - E.g. a child's susceptibility to anxiety interacts with the stress of parental divorce resulting in child problems Transactional model - Answers Development is the result of ongoing, reciprocal transactions between the individual and the environmental context Systems model - Answers Development is viewed as occurring over time as systems interact Developmental psychopathology perspective - Answers Integrates the understanding and study of normal developmental processes with those of child and adolescent psychopathology Basic medical model - Answers Disorders as discrete entities that result from specific and limited biological causes within the individual Direct effect - Answers Variable X leads straight to the outcome Indirect effect - Answers Variable X influences one or more variables that lead to the outcome Mediator - Answers Brings an outcome through indirect means (e.g. marital conflict and ineffective parenting are mediators of child difficulties) Moderator - Answers Variable that influences the strength of the relationship Equifinality - Answers Diverse factors lead to one outcome Multifinality - Answers Experience may lead to different outcomes Resilience - Answers Relatively positive outcome in the face of adverse experiences Developmental pathways during adolescence - Answers - Stable adaptation - Stable maladaptation - Reversal of maladaptation - Decline of adaptation - Temporal maladaptation Heterotypic continuity - Answers Symptoms change with development Homotypic continuity - Answers Stable symptoms Bowlby's attachment - Answers Attachment needed to insure infant survival Ainsworth's attachment - Answers The strange situation - Secure - Insecure (resistant/avoidant) - Disorganized Temperament: 3 types - Answers Easy Slow to warm up Difficult Three elements of emotion - Answers Private emotions Autonomic nervous system (arousal) Overt behavioural expressions Components of hindbrain - Answers Pons - relays information Medulla - controls breathing and HR Cerebellum - movement and cognitive processing Midbrain - Answers Contains fibres that connect the hindbrain and upper brain regions Forebrain - Answers - 2 cerebral hemispheres - Connected by the corpus callosum - Each hem has 4 lobes - Thalamus: processing and relaying information between hemispheres - Hypothalamus: regulates basic urges - Hippocampus: memory Quantitative trait loci - Answers Genes are inherited from the usual patterns, but each has relatively small influence (contains genes that control phenotype) Shared environmental influences - Answers Influences that contribute to family members developing in similar ways Classical conditioning - Answers Individual learns to respond to a stimulus that previously did not elicit the response Operant learning - Answers B.F. Skinner Positive consequences of behaviour will strengthen the behaviour while a negative consequence will weaken it Cognitive behavioural perspective - Answers Incorporates cognition, emotion, behaviour, and social factors 2 Types of parenting styles - Answers Degree of control/discipline and degree of warmth/acceptance Authoritative - Answers High warmth, high control Indulgent/permissive - Answers High warmth, low control Authoritarian - Answers Low warmth, high control Neglectful parenting - Answers Low warmth, low control Positive reinforcement - Answers Stimulus is presented following a response, ^ frequency of response Negative reinforcement - Answers Stimulus is withdrawn to increase the frequency of the response Extinction - Answers Weakening of a response is produced when the reinforcement that