BIOLOGY 1 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (CHAPTERS
6-9) WITH SOLUTIONS
All cells are surrounded by a __________ - ✔✔membrane
plasma membrane - ✔✔a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
to service the volume of every cell
The plasma membrane is made primarily from which of these macromolecules? - ✔✔lipids
the general structure of a biological membrane is a ________________ - ✔✔double layer of
phospholipids
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of - ✔✔prokaryotic cells
protists, fungi, plants, animals all consist of - ✔✔eukaryotic cells
Basic features of all cells - ✔✔Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)
prokaryotic cells - ✔✔do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
eukaryotic cells are characterized by having - ✔✔DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous
nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
eukaryotic cells are generally much _______ than prokaryotic cells - ✔✔larger
,Which cellular structure is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ✔✔plasma membrane
surrounding the cell
cell fractionation - ✔✔takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
Cell fractionation enables scientists to do what? - ✔✔determine the functions of the organelles
_______________ help correlate cell function with structure - ✔✔biochemistry and cytology
You have a solution containing all four of the components listed above. If you centrifuge (spin) that
solution at a speed fast enough to bring viruses into the pellet, what else would you definitely find in the
pellet along with viruses?
mitochondria
viruses
ribosomes
proteins - ✔✔mitochondria
major organelles of the cell - ✔✔membrane- bound compartments
-nucleus
-endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
series of important vesicles
-mitochondria
-chloroplasts
not membrane bound
, -ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
secreted proteins move sequentially through organelles of the endomembrane system - ✔✔
___________ used pulse-chase experiments to trace path of radioactive proteins - ✔✔George Palade
George Palade studied ________ - primary function is protein secretion - ✔✔pancreatic cells
Dark spots in TEM images revealed ___________ - ✔✔radioactive proteins
First evidence that secreted proteins are synthesized into rough ER lumen and move through a
____________- before secretion - ✔✔series of compartments
Pulse Chase Experiments - ✔✔follow proteins from their production to secretion
Pulse - ✔✔introduce radioactive amino acids to living cell
radioactivity label newly made proteins
chase - ✔✔flood cell with lots of non-radioactive amino acids
stops incorporation of radioactivity in new proteins
endosymbiont theory - ✔✔The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated
as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then
evolved into a single organism.
Pulse Chase Experiment conclusion - ✔✔to be secreted, proteins move from the ER to the Golgi to
secretory vesicles and then to the plasma membrane, where they are released to the outside of the cell
the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts - ✔✔mitochondria and chloroplasts have
similarities with bacteria
-Enveloped by a double membrane
-Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
-Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
leads to endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into _______ - ✔✔cristae
6-9) WITH SOLUTIONS
All cells are surrounded by a __________ - ✔✔membrane
plasma membrane - ✔✔a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
to service the volume of every cell
The plasma membrane is made primarily from which of these macromolecules? - ✔✔lipids
the general structure of a biological membrane is a ________________ - ✔✔double layer of
phospholipids
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of - ✔✔prokaryotic cells
protists, fungi, plants, animals all consist of - ✔✔eukaryotic cells
Basic features of all cells - ✔✔Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)
prokaryotic cells - ✔✔do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
eukaryotic cells are characterized by having - ✔✔DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous
nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
eukaryotic cells are generally much _______ than prokaryotic cells - ✔✔larger
,Which cellular structure is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ✔✔plasma membrane
surrounding the cell
cell fractionation - ✔✔takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
Cell fractionation enables scientists to do what? - ✔✔determine the functions of the organelles
_______________ help correlate cell function with structure - ✔✔biochemistry and cytology
You have a solution containing all four of the components listed above. If you centrifuge (spin) that
solution at a speed fast enough to bring viruses into the pellet, what else would you definitely find in the
pellet along with viruses?
mitochondria
viruses
ribosomes
proteins - ✔✔mitochondria
major organelles of the cell - ✔✔membrane- bound compartments
-nucleus
-endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
series of important vesicles
-mitochondria
-chloroplasts
not membrane bound
, -ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
secreted proteins move sequentially through organelles of the endomembrane system - ✔✔
___________ used pulse-chase experiments to trace path of radioactive proteins - ✔✔George Palade
George Palade studied ________ - primary function is protein secretion - ✔✔pancreatic cells
Dark spots in TEM images revealed ___________ - ✔✔radioactive proteins
First evidence that secreted proteins are synthesized into rough ER lumen and move through a
____________- before secretion - ✔✔series of compartments
Pulse Chase Experiments - ✔✔follow proteins from their production to secretion
Pulse - ✔✔introduce radioactive amino acids to living cell
radioactivity label newly made proteins
chase - ✔✔flood cell with lots of non-radioactive amino acids
stops incorporation of radioactivity in new proteins
endosymbiont theory - ✔✔The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated
as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then
evolved into a single organism.
Pulse Chase Experiment conclusion - ✔✔to be secreted, proteins move from the ER to the Golgi to
secretory vesicles and then to the plasma membrane, where they are released to the outside of the cell
the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts - ✔✔mitochondria and chloroplasts have
similarities with bacteria
-Enveloped by a double membrane
-Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
-Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
leads to endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into _______ - ✔✔cristae
