LES 305 Exam 1 Clark Correct
Questions & Answers(RATED A+)
Ethics - ANSWERManner by which one lives one's life according to a standard of
right or wrong behavior
- In both how one thinks and behaves towards others and how one would like them
to think and behave towards others
Factors That Influence Ethics - ANSWER- One's upbringing
- One's religion
- One's social traditions and beliefs
- Society: Structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and
customs
Understanding Right and Wrong - ANSWERMoral Standards: Principles by which
judgments are made about good and bad behavior based on:
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Cultural Beliefs
- Culture: Particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group
of individuals
3) Philosophical Beliefs
Source of Beliefs - ANSWERFamily and friends
Ethnic Background
Religion
School
Media
Personal role models and mentors
Morality: Collection of influences built over a person's life
** Sources add up to morality
How Should One Live? - ANSWER- Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by
osmosis from everyone around
- Ethical behavior can be based on religious morality or experience of human
existence
- Morals and values: Set of personal principles by which one aims to live one's life
- Value System: Set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior
Intrinsic Value - ANSWERQuality by which a value is a good thing in itself ->
Pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not (Ex:
happiness, health, self-respect)
Instrumental Value - ANSWERQuality by which the pursuit of one's value is a good
way to reach another value (Ex: money is valued for what it can buy rather than for
itself)
,Value Conflicts - ANSWER- Impact of a value system on individuals is how much
their daily lives are influenced by those values
- Occur when one is presented with a situation that places one's value system in
direct conflict with an action
- Personal Value System: Specific choices and responses to a situation by an
individual
The Golden Rule - ANSWER- Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
- Problem with the rule is the assumption that others would follow the same
principles as one would do
Ethical Theories - ANSWERVirtue Ethics, Utilitarianism, Universal Ethics
Virtue Ethics - ANSWER- Living one's life according to a commitment to the
achievement of a clear ideal
- Criticism: societies can place different emphasis on different virtues
Utilitarianism - ANSWER- Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest
number of people
- Criticism: idea that the ends justify the means
Universal Ethics - ANSWER- Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation to a
purely moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation (Universal
principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time)
- Criticism: Reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good
Ethical Relativism - ANSWERTraditions of one's society, one's personal opinions,
and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles
- Implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black and white rules
- Offers the comfort of being a part of the ethical majority in the community or
society
Ethical Dilemmas - ANSWER- Situations where there are no obvious right or wrong
decisions, but rather a right or right answer
- Occurs when the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice
knowing full well that one is: leaving an equally right choice undone or likely to suffer
something bad as a result of that choice
- Contracting a personal ethical principle in making that choice
- Abandoning an ethical value of one's community or society in making that choice
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas - ANSWER- Sleep Test Ethics
- 3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems
- Arthur Dobrin's Questions
Sleep Test Ethics - ANSWER- Ethics of Institution
- Individuals should rely on their personal insights, feelings, and instincts
3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems - ANSWER- Analyze the consequences
(Who is impacted?)
- Analyze the actions (Consider all options)
, - Make a decision (Based on both steps above)
Arthur Dobrin's Questions - ANSWER- What are the facts?
- What can one guess about the facts that one doesn't know?
- What do the facts mean?
- What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved?
- What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another?
- What does one's feelings tell oneself?
- What will one think if one decides one thing or another?
- Can one explain and justify one's decisions to others?
Application of Arthur Dobrin's model is based on one of the following key
assumptions: - ANSWER- Sufficient time is the degree of contemplation that these
questions require
- Enough information is available to answer the questions
- Dilemma presents alternative resolutions for one to select from
Ethical Reasoning - ANSWER- Looking at the information available while resolving
an ethical dilemma
- Drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to one's own ethical
standards
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Ethical Reasoning - ANSWERStage 1:
Preconventional Level -> Social Orientation: obedience and punishment
Stage 2: Social Orientation: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
Stage 3: Conventional Level -> Social orientation: good boy / nice girl
Stage 4: Social orientation: law and order
Stage 5: Postconventional -> Social orientation: social contract
Stage 6: Social orientation: Principled conscience
Law - ANSWER- A body of rules, action, and conduct prescribed by controlling
authority and having legal binding force
- Law is what society will enforce
- Creates duties, obligations, and rights
Jurisprudence - ANSWER- Defined as the science and philosophy of law
- From Latin: Juris (Law) + Prudence (Wisdom)
Purposes of Law - ANSWER- Defines rules of conduct and consequences for the
violation of those rules (So we know what is expected)
- Provides a method for resolving disputes -> Eliminating the need for self-help and
the violence and economic disruption that it brings
- Promotes good faith dealing in commerce -> eliminating sharp practices and
thereby facilitating commerce
- Gives some degree of reliability in business planning and commercial transactions -
> also facilitating commerce
- Promotes equality and justice -> Antidiscrimination laws in employment / where
else?
** The most important purpose of law is to provide a method for resolving disputes
Questions & Answers(RATED A+)
Ethics - ANSWERManner by which one lives one's life according to a standard of
right or wrong behavior
- In both how one thinks and behaves towards others and how one would like them
to think and behave towards others
Factors That Influence Ethics - ANSWER- One's upbringing
- One's religion
- One's social traditions and beliefs
- Society: Structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and
customs
Understanding Right and Wrong - ANSWERMoral Standards: Principles by which
judgments are made about good and bad behavior based on:
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Cultural Beliefs
- Culture: Particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group
of individuals
3) Philosophical Beliefs
Source of Beliefs - ANSWERFamily and friends
Ethnic Background
Religion
School
Media
Personal role models and mentors
Morality: Collection of influences built over a person's life
** Sources add up to morality
How Should One Live? - ANSWER- Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by
osmosis from everyone around
- Ethical behavior can be based on religious morality or experience of human
existence
- Morals and values: Set of personal principles by which one aims to live one's life
- Value System: Set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior
Intrinsic Value - ANSWERQuality by which a value is a good thing in itself ->
Pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not (Ex:
happiness, health, self-respect)
Instrumental Value - ANSWERQuality by which the pursuit of one's value is a good
way to reach another value (Ex: money is valued for what it can buy rather than for
itself)
,Value Conflicts - ANSWER- Impact of a value system on individuals is how much
their daily lives are influenced by those values
- Occur when one is presented with a situation that places one's value system in
direct conflict with an action
- Personal Value System: Specific choices and responses to a situation by an
individual
The Golden Rule - ANSWER- Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
- Problem with the rule is the assumption that others would follow the same
principles as one would do
Ethical Theories - ANSWERVirtue Ethics, Utilitarianism, Universal Ethics
Virtue Ethics - ANSWER- Living one's life according to a commitment to the
achievement of a clear ideal
- Criticism: societies can place different emphasis on different virtues
Utilitarianism - ANSWER- Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest
number of people
- Criticism: idea that the ends justify the means
Universal Ethics - ANSWER- Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation to a
purely moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation (Universal
principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time)
- Criticism: Reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good
Ethical Relativism - ANSWERTraditions of one's society, one's personal opinions,
and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles
- Implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black and white rules
- Offers the comfort of being a part of the ethical majority in the community or
society
Ethical Dilemmas - ANSWER- Situations where there are no obvious right or wrong
decisions, but rather a right or right answer
- Occurs when the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice
knowing full well that one is: leaving an equally right choice undone or likely to suffer
something bad as a result of that choice
- Contracting a personal ethical principle in making that choice
- Abandoning an ethical value of one's community or society in making that choice
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas - ANSWER- Sleep Test Ethics
- 3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems
- Arthur Dobrin's Questions
Sleep Test Ethics - ANSWER- Ethics of Institution
- Individuals should rely on their personal insights, feelings, and instincts
3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems - ANSWER- Analyze the consequences
(Who is impacted?)
- Analyze the actions (Consider all options)
, - Make a decision (Based on both steps above)
Arthur Dobrin's Questions - ANSWER- What are the facts?
- What can one guess about the facts that one doesn't know?
- What do the facts mean?
- What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved?
- What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another?
- What does one's feelings tell oneself?
- What will one think if one decides one thing or another?
- Can one explain and justify one's decisions to others?
Application of Arthur Dobrin's model is based on one of the following key
assumptions: - ANSWER- Sufficient time is the degree of contemplation that these
questions require
- Enough information is available to answer the questions
- Dilemma presents alternative resolutions for one to select from
Ethical Reasoning - ANSWER- Looking at the information available while resolving
an ethical dilemma
- Drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to one's own ethical
standards
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Ethical Reasoning - ANSWERStage 1:
Preconventional Level -> Social Orientation: obedience and punishment
Stage 2: Social Orientation: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
Stage 3: Conventional Level -> Social orientation: good boy / nice girl
Stage 4: Social orientation: law and order
Stage 5: Postconventional -> Social orientation: social contract
Stage 6: Social orientation: Principled conscience
Law - ANSWER- A body of rules, action, and conduct prescribed by controlling
authority and having legal binding force
- Law is what society will enforce
- Creates duties, obligations, and rights
Jurisprudence - ANSWER- Defined as the science and philosophy of law
- From Latin: Juris (Law) + Prudence (Wisdom)
Purposes of Law - ANSWER- Defines rules of conduct and consequences for the
violation of those rules (So we know what is expected)
- Provides a method for resolving disputes -> Eliminating the need for self-help and
the violence and economic disruption that it brings
- Promotes good faith dealing in commerce -> eliminating sharp practices and
thereby facilitating commerce
- Gives some degree of reliability in business planning and commercial transactions -
> also facilitating commerce
- Promotes equality and justice -> Antidiscrimination laws in employment / where
else?
** The most important purpose of law is to provide a method for resolving disputes
