NSPN 7150 FINAL COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM WITH ALL 365 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST VERSION 2024-2025
What was a common practice before the introduction of artificial milk? - ANSWER-Wet nurses
In 2018, ___% of Canadian women initiated breastfeeding at birth, but close to ___% of these women
stopped breastfeeding before their infant was one month old. - ANSWER-92%, 25%
According to the WHO, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for _____ months of age, with
continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods up to _____ years of age or
beyond - ANSWER-Six months, two years.
in 2018, ____% of mothers in Canada breastfed exclusively for six months or more. - ANSWER-38%
List 6 maternal benefits of breastfeeding - ANSWER-- enhance the normal postpartum state
(breastfeeding releases oxytocin, promoting uterine involution)
- quicker physical recovery, faster return to pre-pregnancy weight
- lactational amenorrhea (natural birth control) -> less iron loss, less pregnancy risk due to suppression of
fertility hormones
- protects against postpartum depression (oxytocin release decreases stress and enhances mothering
behaviours)
- improves long term health (protective effect against breast and ovarian cancer, T2D, postnatal
depression)
- improves food security (safe and always available source of nutrition for infant)
List 7 infant benefits of breastfeeding - ANSWER-- Ideal nutrition for growth
- Optimal brain development and learning potential
- Reduces impact of infections (the four main causes of illness (respiratory infections, diarrhoeal disease,
atopic disease, and other infections such as UTI and pyrexia) are lower in breastfed children. It may also
protect against acute otitis media in the first 2 years of life.)
,- provides special protection for premature infants (abundance of IgA, protecting against necrotizing
enterocolitis)
- reduces hospital readmission rates among infants (3.6% breastfed vs. 80% artificially fed for infectious
diseases (resp and GI))
- improves emotional well-being (builds bond between mother and infant, reduces pain perception,
cholecystokinin release during feeds induces relaxation and pain relief, human milk sweetness releases
opioids in infant's midbrain for further pain relief)
- protects against SIDS and various diseases (asthma, obesity, T1D, Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma,
allergies)
List 3 family and societal benefits to breastfeeding - ANSWER-- Cost-effective (powder formula costs
$1140 per year, and ready-to-use formula costs $3780, plus the cost of bottles and nipples)
- Reduces mortality rates and health care costs (the cost of NOT breastfeeding: 595379 preventable
deaths, with economic losses estimated to be between 257-341 billion USD)
- Protects the environment (no contamination, packaging, or associated waste)
Human milk substitute can increase risk of infection through... - ANSWER-chemical contamination due to
increased handling and processing, occasionally causing recalls and safety alerts
True or false: human milk substitute increases the risk of increased crying - ANSWER-false
21 dangers of infant formula (for both the child and the mother) - ANSWER-For the child: when feeding
an infant formula, they are at an increased risk of having asthma, allergies, ear infections, high blood
pressure and heart disease, respiratory infections, lower IQ and cognitive development, obesity, iron-
deficiency anemia, SIDS, diabetes, digestive problems, childhood cancers, exposure to environmental
contaminants, sleep apnea, and dental problems and malocclusions
For the mother: when the mother doesn't breastfeed, she is at an increased risk of developing diabetes,
overweight and obesity, osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer, hypertension
and cardiovascular disease, and reduced child spacing
Health Canada, Dietitians of Canada, and the Canadian Paediatric Society recommend only
______________________________ for infants who are not being breastfed or receiving human milk -
ANSWER-commercial infant formula
,A healthy woman is more likely to breastfeed because... - ANSWER-she has skills to promote health
True or false: cultural beliefs and norms play a significant role in a woman's decision to breastfeed and
continue to breastfeed - ANSWER-True
One of the main reasons given for stopping breastfeeding is: - ANSWER-"not enough breast milk"
44% of women surveyed felt that they had insufficient breast milk, 18% reported that they had difficulty
with breastfeeding technique, and 9% reported a medical condition of the mother or infant.
List 11 of today's issues contributing to breastfeeding difficulties - ANSWER-Aggressive global marketing
of artificial feeding
Health care practices (hospitals that are not baby-friendly, such as routine separation of mothers and
infants, well-baby nurseries, health care providers' lack of knowledge, and lack of follow-up support)
Lack of knowledge about breastfeeding techniques
Unnecessary supplementation
Bundling/swaddling infants
Lack of breastfeeding role models
Lack of family support
Breastfeeding challenges (sore nipples, low supply)
Cultural and societal biases
Employment policies
Encouraging mothers to believe that the experts know best
Name a social/health care practice that does not contribute to breastfeeding difficulties: - ANSWER-
NICUs
List 15 strategies to support breastfeeding - ANSWER-Mother-to mother support groups, peer support
programs, social network sites, breastfeeding as the cultural norm, individual and family support,
prenatal education, printed and audiovisual educational materials to support one-to-one education,
access to professional support in hospital and community, improved practices in health care facilities,
, public awareness promotion, legislative marketing practices, the WHO code of marketing, adequate
maternity benefits, support for breastfeeding in the workplace, human rights legislation to protect
working women
Are print and audiovisual educational materials effective on their own? - ANSWER-No, but they are used
to support one-on-one education
HCPs that take a neutral view of breastfeeding are perceived by mothers as having a preference for... -
ANSWER-bottle feeding
Human milk changes according to what 6 things? - ANSWER-gestational and infant age, stages of
lactation, time of day of the feed, maternal diet, volume of human milk, and infant health
Human milk has both _______________ components and is _______________________ - ANSWER-
nutritional, bacteriostatic (inhibits bacteria from growing and reproducing)
Oligosaccharides in human milk do what? - ANSWER-They inhibit the proliferation of fungal and viral
pathogens, as well as bacteria, by indirectly modifying the cellular responses of the infant's epithelial
and immune cells (hence why human milk may safely be stored at room temperature for up to 4-6 hours)
True or false: The quality of the milk for the infant does not change. - ANSWER-True
How does gestational age affect human milk composition? - ANSWER-preterm milk is higher in protein
and anti-infective properties to meet the needs of preterm infants
Explain the 3 stages of lactation - ANSWER-Stage I: most women begin to produce colostrum in the last
trimester of pregnancy and for about 2-4 days after birth. Colostrum has higher concentration of protein,
minerals, and immunoglobulins, but has less fat than mature milk.
Stage II: the onset of copious milk secretion after birth (days 2-3 to 8 postpartum)
Stage III: secretion of mature milk
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST VERSION 2024-2025
What was a common practice before the introduction of artificial milk? - ANSWER-Wet nurses
In 2018, ___% of Canadian women initiated breastfeeding at birth, but close to ___% of these women
stopped breastfeeding before their infant was one month old. - ANSWER-92%, 25%
According to the WHO, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for _____ months of age, with
continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods up to _____ years of age or
beyond - ANSWER-Six months, two years.
in 2018, ____% of mothers in Canada breastfed exclusively for six months or more. - ANSWER-38%
List 6 maternal benefits of breastfeeding - ANSWER-- enhance the normal postpartum state
(breastfeeding releases oxytocin, promoting uterine involution)
- quicker physical recovery, faster return to pre-pregnancy weight
- lactational amenorrhea (natural birth control) -> less iron loss, less pregnancy risk due to suppression of
fertility hormones
- protects against postpartum depression (oxytocin release decreases stress and enhances mothering
behaviours)
- improves long term health (protective effect against breast and ovarian cancer, T2D, postnatal
depression)
- improves food security (safe and always available source of nutrition for infant)
List 7 infant benefits of breastfeeding - ANSWER-- Ideal nutrition for growth
- Optimal brain development and learning potential
- Reduces impact of infections (the four main causes of illness (respiratory infections, diarrhoeal disease,
atopic disease, and other infections such as UTI and pyrexia) are lower in breastfed children. It may also
protect against acute otitis media in the first 2 years of life.)
,- provides special protection for premature infants (abundance of IgA, protecting against necrotizing
enterocolitis)
- reduces hospital readmission rates among infants (3.6% breastfed vs. 80% artificially fed for infectious
diseases (resp and GI))
- improves emotional well-being (builds bond between mother and infant, reduces pain perception,
cholecystokinin release during feeds induces relaxation and pain relief, human milk sweetness releases
opioids in infant's midbrain for further pain relief)
- protects against SIDS and various diseases (asthma, obesity, T1D, Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma,
allergies)
List 3 family and societal benefits to breastfeeding - ANSWER-- Cost-effective (powder formula costs
$1140 per year, and ready-to-use formula costs $3780, plus the cost of bottles and nipples)
- Reduces mortality rates and health care costs (the cost of NOT breastfeeding: 595379 preventable
deaths, with economic losses estimated to be between 257-341 billion USD)
- Protects the environment (no contamination, packaging, or associated waste)
Human milk substitute can increase risk of infection through... - ANSWER-chemical contamination due to
increased handling and processing, occasionally causing recalls and safety alerts
True or false: human milk substitute increases the risk of increased crying - ANSWER-false
21 dangers of infant formula (for both the child and the mother) - ANSWER-For the child: when feeding
an infant formula, they are at an increased risk of having asthma, allergies, ear infections, high blood
pressure and heart disease, respiratory infections, lower IQ and cognitive development, obesity, iron-
deficiency anemia, SIDS, diabetes, digestive problems, childhood cancers, exposure to environmental
contaminants, sleep apnea, and dental problems and malocclusions
For the mother: when the mother doesn't breastfeed, she is at an increased risk of developing diabetes,
overweight and obesity, osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer, hypertension
and cardiovascular disease, and reduced child spacing
Health Canada, Dietitians of Canada, and the Canadian Paediatric Society recommend only
______________________________ for infants who are not being breastfed or receiving human milk -
ANSWER-commercial infant formula
,A healthy woman is more likely to breastfeed because... - ANSWER-she has skills to promote health
True or false: cultural beliefs and norms play a significant role in a woman's decision to breastfeed and
continue to breastfeed - ANSWER-True
One of the main reasons given for stopping breastfeeding is: - ANSWER-"not enough breast milk"
44% of women surveyed felt that they had insufficient breast milk, 18% reported that they had difficulty
with breastfeeding technique, and 9% reported a medical condition of the mother or infant.
List 11 of today's issues contributing to breastfeeding difficulties - ANSWER-Aggressive global marketing
of artificial feeding
Health care practices (hospitals that are not baby-friendly, such as routine separation of mothers and
infants, well-baby nurseries, health care providers' lack of knowledge, and lack of follow-up support)
Lack of knowledge about breastfeeding techniques
Unnecessary supplementation
Bundling/swaddling infants
Lack of breastfeeding role models
Lack of family support
Breastfeeding challenges (sore nipples, low supply)
Cultural and societal biases
Employment policies
Encouraging mothers to believe that the experts know best
Name a social/health care practice that does not contribute to breastfeeding difficulties: - ANSWER-
NICUs
List 15 strategies to support breastfeeding - ANSWER-Mother-to mother support groups, peer support
programs, social network sites, breastfeeding as the cultural norm, individual and family support,
prenatal education, printed and audiovisual educational materials to support one-to-one education,
access to professional support in hospital and community, improved practices in health care facilities,
, public awareness promotion, legislative marketing practices, the WHO code of marketing, adequate
maternity benefits, support for breastfeeding in the workplace, human rights legislation to protect
working women
Are print and audiovisual educational materials effective on their own? - ANSWER-No, but they are used
to support one-on-one education
HCPs that take a neutral view of breastfeeding are perceived by mothers as having a preference for... -
ANSWER-bottle feeding
Human milk changes according to what 6 things? - ANSWER-gestational and infant age, stages of
lactation, time of day of the feed, maternal diet, volume of human milk, and infant health
Human milk has both _______________ components and is _______________________ - ANSWER-
nutritional, bacteriostatic (inhibits bacteria from growing and reproducing)
Oligosaccharides in human milk do what? - ANSWER-They inhibit the proliferation of fungal and viral
pathogens, as well as bacteria, by indirectly modifying the cellular responses of the infant's epithelial
and immune cells (hence why human milk may safely be stored at room temperature for up to 4-6 hours)
True or false: The quality of the milk for the infant does not change. - ANSWER-True
How does gestational age affect human milk composition? - ANSWER-preterm milk is higher in protein
and anti-infective properties to meet the needs of preterm infants
Explain the 3 stages of lactation - ANSWER-Stage I: most women begin to produce colostrum in the last
trimester of pregnancy and for about 2-4 days after birth. Colostrum has higher concentration of protein,
minerals, and immunoglobulins, but has less fat than mature milk.
Stage II: the onset of copious milk secretion after birth (days 2-3 to 8 postpartum)
Stage III: secretion of mature milk
