Final Exam) NR 565 Final Exam: 100% Verified Questions &
Answers
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - ANSWER:Production of T3 and T3 by the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland
TRH - ANSWER:from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - ANSWER:acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know if it needs more
or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. -
ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - ANSWER:Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2 hours post-
ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - ANSWER:Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - ANSWER:Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - ANSWER:Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - ANSWER:Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - ANSWER:Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal insulin
Insulin Human - ANSWER:Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - ANSWER:Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - ANSWER:Sulfonyureas (ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - ANSWER:Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
, (15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - ANSWER:- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - ANSWER:glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
Ultralong In - ANSWER:Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - ANSWER:-lactic acidosis increased with CKD, liver disease, severe
infection, excessive alcohol intake, shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - ANSWER:Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - ANSWER:Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes
insulin receptors to increase glucose reuptake - ANSWER:Metformin
Metformin dosage - ANSWER:gi side effects lead to discontinuation of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - ANSWER:does not cause weight gain. appetite suppression. In presence and
absence of nausea.
sulfon - ANSWER:glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - ANSWER:MOA - stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, long-term enhances insulin
sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
Contraindicated Sulfonyurea - ANSWER:pregnancy, lactating, kidney, liver issues (causes compound
effect)
Answers
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - ANSWER:Production of T3 and T3 by the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland
TRH - ANSWER:from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - ANSWER:acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know if it needs more
or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. -
ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - ANSWER:Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - ANSWER:Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2 hours post-
ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - ANSWER:Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - ANSWER:Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - ANSWER:Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - ANSWER:Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - ANSWER:Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal insulin
Insulin Human - ANSWER:Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - ANSWER:Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - ANSWER:Sulfonyureas (ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - ANSWER:Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
, (15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - ANSWER:- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - ANSWER:glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
Ultralong In - ANSWER:Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - ANSWER:-lactic acidosis increased with CKD, liver disease, severe
infection, excessive alcohol intake, shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - ANSWER:Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - ANSWER:Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes
insulin receptors to increase glucose reuptake - ANSWER:Metformin
Metformin dosage - ANSWER:gi side effects lead to discontinuation of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - ANSWER:does not cause weight gain. appetite suppression. In presence and
absence of nausea.
sulfon - ANSWER:glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - ANSWER:MOA - stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, long-term enhances insulin
sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
Contraindicated Sulfonyurea - ANSWER:pregnancy, lactating, kidney, liver issues (causes compound
effect)
