BSC 2085 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100%
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Integumentary System- weight and area - ✔✔Is the largest system of the body
16% of body weight
1.5 to 2 m2 in area
How many parts makeup the integumentary system? - ✔✔The integument is made up of two parts
1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. Accessory structures
Describe the Cutaneous Membrane - ✔✔consist of two components:
Outer epidermis
Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
Inner dermis
Connective tissues
Accessory Structure - ✔✔Originate in the dermis
Extend through the epidermis to skin surface. Includes:
Hair, Nails, Multicellular exocrine glands
What Systems are connected to the Integumentary system? - ✔✔Cardiovascular system- By blood vessels
in the dermis
Nervous system- By sensory receptors that detect stimuli for pain, touch, and temperature
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,Is the hypodermis part of the Integumentary system? - ✔✔No, Located below the dermis
-Composed of loose connective tissue: separates integument from the deep fascia around organs
- Location of hypodermic injections
5 main functions of the Integumentary System? - ✔✔1. Protection of underlying tissues and organs
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3. Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
4. Production of melanin, keratin, vitamin D3, and storage of lipids
5. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
PEMPD
Describe the Epidermis - ✔✔Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
Dominated by keratinocytes (most abundant type of epithelial cells) -contain large amounts of the protein
keratin
Thin skin: location and layers - ✔✔Covers most of the body
Has four layers of keratinocytes
Thick skin: location and layers - ✔✔Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Has five layers of keratinocytes
What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin - ✔✔1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
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,4. Stratum lucidum (missing in thin skin)
5.Stratum corneum
Bottom to top
What is the Stratum Basale? - ✔✔-Is attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
-Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
-Forms epidermal ridges (basis of fingerprints)
-Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)- projections from the dermis-Increase the area of basement membrane
and ttrengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
-Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
What determines fingerprints? - ✔✔Determined by genetics and
uterine environment during fetal development.
Do identical twins have the same fingerprints? - ✔✔No
What are specialized cells of Stratum Basale? - ✔✔1. Merkel cells- specialized epithelial tactile cells
Found in hairless skin
Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
2. Melanocytes
Contain the pigment melanin
Scattered throughout stratum basale
What is the Stratum Spinosum? - ✔✔"the "spiny layer"
-Produced by division of stratum basale
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, -Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
-Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (looks spiny) - under normal histological preperations
-Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
-Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response - defend against microorganisms that
get past superficial layers of epidermis and defend against superficial skin cancers
Describe the Stratum Granulosum layer - ✔✔-the "grainy layer", Stops dividing, starts producing:
1. Keratin
A tough, fibrous protein
Makes up hair and nails
2. Keratohyalin
Dense granules
Cross-link keratin fibers
Note: as keratin accumulates, the cell flatten and its plasma membrane thickens and becomes less
permeable
Describe the Stratum Lucidum - ✔✔the "clear layer"
-Found only in thick skin
-Covers stratum granulosum
-Cells here are flattened, densely packed with keratin and are devoid of organelles
Stratum Cornuem - ✔✔-the "horn layer" (latin cornu=horn)
-Exposed surface of skin (15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells) lasts about 2 weeks
Page 4/45
©EmilyCharlene 2024. All Rights Reserved.
Pass
Integumentary System- weight and area - ✔✔Is the largest system of the body
16% of body weight
1.5 to 2 m2 in area
How many parts makeup the integumentary system? - ✔✔The integument is made up of two parts
1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. Accessory structures
Describe the Cutaneous Membrane - ✔✔consist of two components:
Outer epidermis
Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
Inner dermis
Connective tissues
Accessory Structure - ✔✔Originate in the dermis
Extend through the epidermis to skin surface. Includes:
Hair, Nails, Multicellular exocrine glands
What Systems are connected to the Integumentary system? - ✔✔Cardiovascular system- By blood vessels
in the dermis
Nervous system- By sensory receptors that detect stimuli for pain, touch, and temperature
Page 1/45
©EmilyCharlene 2024. All Rights Reserved.
,Is the hypodermis part of the Integumentary system? - ✔✔No, Located below the dermis
-Composed of loose connective tissue: separates integument from the deep fascia around organs
- Location of hypodermic injections
5 main functions of the Integumentary System? - ✔✔1. Protection of underlying tissues and organs
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3. Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
4. Production of melanin, keratin, vitamin D3, and storage of lipids
5. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
PEMPD
Describe the Epidermis - ✔✔Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
Dominated by keratinocytes (most abundant type of epithelial cells) -contain large amounts of the protein
keratin
Thin skin: location and layers - ✔✔Covers most of the body
Has four layers of keratinocytes
Thick skin: location and layers - ✔✔Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Has five layers of keratinocytes
What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin - ✔✔1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
Page 2/45
©EmilyCharlene 2024. All Rights Reserved.
,4. Stratum lucidum (missing in thin skin)
5.Stratum corneum
Bottom to top
What is the Stratum Basale? - ✔✔-Is attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
-Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
-Forms epidermal ridges (basis of fingerprints)
-Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)- projections from the dermis-Increase the area of basement membrane
and ttrengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
-Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
What determines fingerprints? - ✔✔Determined by genetics and
uterine environment during fetal development.
Do identical twins have the same fingerprints? - ✔✔No
What are specialized cells of Stratum Basale? - ✔✔1. Merkel cells- specialized epithelial tactile cells
Found in hairless skin
Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
2. Melanocytes
Contain the pigment melanin
Scattered throughout stratum basale
What is the Stratum Spinosum? - ✔✔"the "spiny layer"
-Produced by division of stratum basale
Page 3/45
©EmilyCharlene 2024. All Rights Reserved.
, -Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
-Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (looks spiny) - under normal histological preperations
-Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
-Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response - defend against microorganisms that
get past superficial layers of epidermis and defend against superficial skin cancers
Describe the Stratum Granulosum layer - ✔✔-the "grainy layer", Stops dividing, starts producing:
1. Keratin
A tough, fibrous protein
Makes up hair and nails
2. Keratohyalin
Dense granules
Cross-link keratin fibers
Note: as keratin accumulates, the cell flatten and its plasma membrane thickens and becomes less
permeable
Describe the Stratum Lucidum - ✔✔the "clear layer"
-Found only in thick skin
-Covers stratum granulosum
-Cells here are flattened, densely packed with keratin and are devoid of organelles
Stratum Cornuem - ✔✔-the "horn layer" (latin cornu=horn)
-Exposed surface of skin (15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells) lasts about 2 weeks
Page 4/45
©EmilyCharlene 2024. All Rights Reserved.
