BLOCK 2
CHAPTER 6: HUMAN BODY
I. Topographic Anatomy
A. Superficial landmarks: serve as guides to structures that lie beneath
them
B. Topographic Anatomy: applies to the body in the ANATOMIC position
C. Anatomic Position: patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms
forward
D. Planes of the Body
1. Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body front & back
2. Transverse (axial) plane: divides the body top & bottom
3. Sagittal (lateral) plane: divides the body left & right
II. Skeletal System: Anatomy
A. Skeleton: gives us our recognizable human form & protects vital internal organs
B. Components of Skeleton
1. 206 bones
2. Ligaments (connects bones to each other)
3. Tendons (connect muscles to bones)
4. Cartilage (smooth connective tissue covering ends of bones at mobile joints)
C. Skeletal system divided into 2 portions: Axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
1. Axial skeleton: foundation to which the arms & legs are attached
a) Skull
(1) Cranium: protects brain, consists of occiput, temporal bones,
parietal bone, frontal bone
(2) Facial bones: consists of 14 bones; maxillae, zygomas,
mandible, orbits, short bones that form bridge of nose
b) Spinal column: central supporting structure of the body
(1) 33 vertebrae
(2) Spine divided into 5 sections:cervical spine (neck), thoracic spine
(upper back), lumbar spine (lower back), sacrum (back wall of
pelvis), and coccyx (tailbone
c) Thorax: Cavity contains heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
(1) Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae & 12 pairs of ribs
(2) Sternum: midline of chest (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
2. Appendicular Skeleton: arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis
a) Joints: consists of ends of bones & surrounding connecting & supporting
tissues
(1) Types of joints:
(a) Ball-and-socket joint: allows rotation & bending (i.e.
shoulder)
(b) Hinge joint: motion is restricted to flexion (bending &
extension)
(2) Upper extremities: extend from shoulder girdle to fingertips,
consist of arms, forearms, hands, and fingers
(a) Shoulder girdle: clavicle, scapula, humerus
(b) Arm: humerus, forearm, radius, ulna
(c) Wrist & hand: 5 metacarpals, fingers
(3) Pelvis: closed bony ring consisting 3 bones
(a) Sacrum & 2 pelvic bones
(b) Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis
(4) Lower extremities:
, (a) Femur: longest bone & one of the strongest bone in
body
(b) Knee: connects upper & lower leg, hinge joint, patella
(c) Lower leg: tibia, fibula
(d) Ankle: hinge joint
(e) Foot: 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, 5 toes formed
by 14 phalanges
III. Skeletal System: Physiology
A. Functions of skeletal system: gives body shape, protects fragile organs, allows for
movement, stores calcium, helps create blood cells
IV. Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy
A. Provides form, upright posture, movement, protection for vital internal organs
B. 3 types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
1. Skeletal: attaches to the bones of skeleton & forms
the major muscle mass of the
body
a) AKA “VOLUNTARY MUSCLE” bc under direct voluntary control of brain
b) Movement of body results from skeletal muscle contraction or relaxation
2. Smooth: found within blood vessels & intestines
3. Cardiac: found only within the heart
V. Musculoskeletal System: Physiology
A. Heat: By-product of movement
B. When you get cold, you shiver to produce heat
VI. The Respiratory System: Anatomy
A. Upper airway: nose, mouth, tongue, mandible, larynx
1. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx (throat), laryngopharynx
2. Trachea (windpipe)
3. Epiglottis: thin, leaf-shape flap prevents food & liquid
from entering the trachea
4. Esophagus
B. Lower airway:
1. Thyroid cartilage: “adam’s apple”, forms anterior part of
larynx
2. Cricoid cartilage: lies immediately below the thyroid
cartilage
3. Cricothyroid membrane: between thyroid & cricoid
cartilage
4. Trachea: below cricoid cartilage, it ends at carina, it
divides into the right and left main stem bronchi
C. Lungs
1. Divided into lobes
2. Alveoli: allow for gas exchange (o2 & co2)
VII. The Respiratory System: Physiology
A. Main function: provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
B. Ventilation & respiration; interdependent functions
1. Respiration: exchange of o2 and co2 in alveoli and tissues of body
a) Diffusion: passive process which o2 molecules move area of high
concentration to lower concentration
b) Brain stem: automatically controls breathing if level of co2 or o2 in
arterial blood is too high or too low. The Medulla initials the ventilation
cycle when stimulated by high co2 levels
CHAPTER 6: HUMAN BODY
I. Topographic Anatomy
A. Superficial landmarks: serve as guides to structures that lie beneath
them
B. Topographic Anatomy: applies to the body in the ANATOMIC position
C. Anatomic Position: patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms
forward
D. Planes of the Body
1. Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body front & back
2. Transverse (axial) plane: divides the body top & bottom
3. Sagittal (lateral) plane: divides the body left & right
II. Skeletal System: Anatomy
A. Skeleton: gives us our recognizable human form & protects vital internal organs
B. Components of Skeleton
1. 206 bones
2. Ligaments (connects bones to each other)
3. Tendons (connect muscles to bones)
4. Cartilage (smooth connective tissue covering ends of bones at mobile joints)
C. Skeletal system divided into 2 portions: Axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
1. Axial skeleton: foundation to which the arms & legs are attached
a) Skull
(1) Cranium: protects brain, consists of occiput, temporal bones,
parietal bone, frontal bone
(2) Facial bones: consists of 14 bones; maxillae, zygomas,
mandible, orbits, short bones that form bridge of nose
b) Spinal column: central supporting structure of the body
(1) 33 vertebrae
(2) Spine divided into 5 sections:cervical spine (neck), thoracic spine
(upper back), lumbar spine (lower back), sacrum (back wall of
pelvis), and coccyx (tailbone
c) Thorax: Cavity contains heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
(1) Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae & 12 pairs of ribs
(2) Sternum: midline of chest (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
2. Appendicular Skeleton: arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis
a) Joints: consists of ends of bones & surrounding connecting & supporting
tissues
(1) Types of joints:
(a) Ball-and-socket joint: allows rotation & bending (i.e.
shoulder)
(b) Hinge joint: motion is restricted to flexion (bending &
extension)
(2) Upper extremities: extend from shoulder girdle to fingertips,
consist of arms, forearms, hands, and fingers
(a) Shoulder girdle: clavicle, scapula, humerus
(b) Arm: humerus, forearm, radius, ulna
(c) Wrist & hand: 5 metacarpals, fingers
(3) Pelvis: closed bony ring consisting 3 bones
(a) Sacrum & 2 pelvic bones
(b) Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis
(4) Lower extremities:
, (a) Femur: longest bone & one of the strongest bone in
body
(b) Knee: connects upper & lower leg, hinge joint, patella
(c) Lower leg: tibia, fibula
(d) Ankle: hinge joint
(e) Foot: 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, 5 toes formed
by 14 phalanges
III. Skeletal System: Physiology
A. Functions of skeletal system: gives body shape, protects fragile organs, allows for
movement, stores calcium, helps create blood cells
IV. Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy
A. Provides form, upright posture, movement, protection for vital internal organs
B. 3 types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
1. Skeletal: attaches to the bones of skeleton & forms
the major muscle mass of the
body
a) AKA “VOLUNTARY MUSCLE” bc under direct voluntary control of brain
b) Movement of body results from skeletal muscle contraction or relaxation
2. Smooth: found within blood vessels & intestines
3. Cardiac: found only within the heart
V. Musculoskeletal System: Physiology
A. Heat: By-product of movement
B. When you get cold, you shiver to produce heat
VI. The Respiratory System: Anatomy
A. Upper airway: nose, mouth, tongue, mandible, larynx
1. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx (throat), laryngopharynx
2. Trachea (windpipe)
3. Epiglottis: thin, leaf-shape flap prevents food & liquid
from entering the trachea
4. Esophagus
B. Lower airway:
1. Thyroid cartilage: “adam’s apple”, forms anterior part of
larynx
2. Cricoid cartilage: lies immediately below the thyroid
cartilage
3. Cricothyroid membrane: between thyroid & cricoid
cartilage
4. Trachea: below cricoid cartilage, it ends at carina, it
divides into the right and left main stem bronchi
C. Lungs
1. Divided into lobes
2. Alveoli: allow for gas exchange (o2 & co2)
VII. The Respiratory System: Physiology
A. Main function: provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
B. Ventilation & respiration; interdependent functions
1. Respiration: exchange of o2 and co2 in alveoli and tissues of body
a) Diffusion: passive process which o2 molecules move area of high
concentration to lower concentration
b) Brain stem: automatically controls breathing if level of co2 or o2 in
arterial blood is too high or too low. The Medulla initials the ventilation
cycle when stimulated by high co2 levels
