Exam 3 - Nursing 102 Comprehensive Questions And
answer latest upload 2024/ 2025 with 100% verified
solutions
physiological (respiratory) regulation - ANSWER-- lungs adapt rapidly to imbalance, restores
pH momentarily and is short-term, regulates CO2
- increased CO2 elimination, decreased CO2 in blood
- decreased CO2 elimination, increased CO2 in blood
- if there is a respiratory disturbance, kidneys compensate by altering levels of bicarbonate
and hydrogen ions
physiological (renal) regulation - ANSWER-- kidneys take a longer time to respond to
imbalances (hours to days)
- acidosis: reabsorb HCO3-
- alkalosis: excrete HCO3-
- if there is a metabolic disturbance, lungs compensate by increasing or decreasing rate of
breathing
ABG - ANSWER-- arterial blood gas
- most effective way to evaluate acid-base balance and oxygenation
ABG norms (pH) - ANSWER-- measure of acidity/alkalinity, percentage of H+ ions in
solution
- 7.35 - 7.45
pH less than 7.35 - ANSWER-acidic pH
pH less than 7.45 - ANSWER-alkaline pH
ABG norms (PaCO2) - ANSWER-- partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial plasma
- 35 - 45 mmHg
PaCO2 less than 35 mmHg - ANSWER-alkaline PaCO2
,PaCO2 more than 45 mmHg - ANSWER-acidic PaCO2
ABG norms (PaO2) - ANSWER-- partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in arterial plasma
- 80 - 100 mm Hg
PaO2 less than 80 mmHg - ANSWER-alkaline PaO2
PaO2 more than 100 mmHg - ANSWER-acidic PaO2
ABG norms (SaO2) - ANSWER-- represents precentage of hemoglobin that is combinined
with oxygen
- 95%-100%
ABG norms (HCO3) - ANSWER-- measure of bicarbonate dissolved in arterial plasma and
represents metabolic component of acid-base balance
- 22-26 mEq/L
HCO3 less than 22 mEq/L - ANSWER-acidic HCO3
HCO3 more than 26 mEq/L - ANSWER-alkaline HCO3
ABG norms (base excess) - ANSWER-- calculated value HCO3
- +2 alkalosis, -2 acidosis
respiratory acidosis - ANSWER-- increased PaCO2, decreased pH
- built of CO2, result of hypoventilation
ECF electrolytes - ANSWER-Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF electrolytes - ANSWER-K+, Mg+, P-
, general assessment of fluid status - ANSWER-lung sounds, blood pressure, skin turgor, daily
weight, level of thirst, I&O, mucous membranes, lab values
intracellular dehydration (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER-- loss of intracellular fluid when
water is not adequately replaced
- loss of body fluids causes increased blood solute concentration and increased serum sodium
levels
intracellular dehydration causes - ANSWER-decreased fluid intake, prolonged fever, GI tract
through suctioning or diarrhea, excess fluid loss from the kidneys, hyperglycemia, abnormal
losses through the skin (burns), bleeding, third spacing
intracellular dehydration clinical manifestations - ANSWER-changes in mental status,
dizziness, weakness, extreme thirst, fever, dry skin/mucous membranes, poor skin turgor,
concentrated urine, increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure, possible seizures, coma
intracellular dehydration lab test results - ANSWER-elevated hematocrit, elevated serum
osmolality, elevated serum sodium level (above 145 mEq/L), elevated urine specific gravity
intracellular dehydration nursing interventions - ANSWER-daily weights, maintain I&O,
monitor IV infusions, serum sodium levels, urine osmolality & specific gravity, skin and
mouth care
extracellular dehydration AKA hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER-- isotonic
fluid loss from EXTRAcellular space
extracellular dehydration causes - ANSWER-abdominal surgery, increased urination from
diabetes mellitus/insipidus, excessive diuretic therapy/laxative use, excessive sweating, fever,
hemorrhage, pre-renal failure with increased urination, vomiting and diarrhea, GI suctioning,
acute intestinal obstruction (tumor, paralytic ileus, peristalsis stoppage), acute peritonitis,
burns, third-space fluid shift
third space shift - ANSWER-- extracellular dehydration
- fluids moves from intravascular spaces but not into intracellular but into interstitial space
answer latest upload 2024/ 2025 with 100% verified
solutions
physiological (respiratory) regulation - ANSWER-- lungs adapt rapidly to imbalance, restores
pH momentarily and is short-term, regulates CO2
- increased CO2 elimination, decreased CO2 in blood
- decreased CO2 elimination, increased CO2 in blood
- if there is a respiratory disturbance, kidneys compensate by altering levels of bicarbonate
and hydrogen ions
physiological (renal) regulation - ANSWER-- kidneys take a longer time to respond to
imbalances (hours to days)
- acidosis: reabsorb HCO3-
- alkalosis: excrete HCO3-
- if there is a metabolic disturbance, lungs compensate by increasing or decreasing rate of
breathing
ABG - ANSWER-- arterial blood gas
- most effective way to evaluate acid-base balance and oxygenation
ABG norms (pH) - ANSWER-- measure of acidity/alkalinity, percentage of H+ ions in
solution
- 7.35 - 7.45
pH less than 7.35 - ANSWER-acidic pH
pH less than 7.45 - ANSWER-alkaline pH
ABG norms (PaCO2) - ANSWER-- partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial plasma
- 35 - 45 mmHg
PaCO2 less than 35 mmHg - ANSWER-alkaline PaCO2
,PaCO2 more than 45 mmHg - ANSWER-acidic PaCO2
ABG norms (PaO2) - ANSWER-- partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in arterial plasma
- 80 - 100 mm Hg
PaO2 less than 80 mmHg - ANSWER-alkaline PaO2
PaO2 more than 100 mmHg - ANSWER-acidic PaO2
ABG norms (SaO2) - ANSWER-- represents precentage of hemoglobin that is combinined
with oxygen
- 95%-100%
ABG norms (HCO3) - ANSWER-- measure of bicarbonate dissolved in arterial plasma and
represents metabolic component of acid-base balance
- 22-26 mEq/L
HCO3 less than 22 mEq/L - ANSWER-acidic HCO3
HCO3 more than 26 mEq/L - ANSWER-alkaline HCO3
ABG norms (base excess) - ANSWER-- calculated value HCO3
- +2 alkalosis, -2 acidosis
respiratory acidosis - ANSWER-- increased PaCO2, decreased pH
- built of CO2, result of hypoventilation
ECF electrolytes - ANSWER-Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF electrolytes - ANSWER-K+, Mg+, P-
, general assessment of fluid status - ANSWER-lung sounds, blood pressure, skin turgor, daily
weight, level of thirst, I&O, mucous membranes, lab values
intracellular dehydration (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER-- loss of intracellular fluid when
water is not adequately replaced
- loss of body fluids causes increased blood solute concentration and increased serum sodium
levels
intracellular dehydration causes - ANSWER-decreased fluid intake, prolonged fever, GI tract
through suctioning or diarrhea, excess fluid loss from the kidneys, hyperglycemia, abnormal
losses through the skin (burns), bleeding, third spacing
intracellular dehydration clinical manifestations - ANSWER-changes in mental status,
dizziness, weakness, extreme thirst, fever, dry skin/mucous membranes, poor skin turgor,
concentrated urine, increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure, possible seizures, coma
intracellular dehydration lab test results - ANSWER-elevated hematocrit, elevated serum
osmolality, elevated serum sodium level (above 145 mEq/L), elevated urine specific gravity
intracellular dehydration nursing interventions - ANSWER-daily weights, maintain I&O,
monitor IV infusions, serum sodium levels, urine osmolality & specific gravity, skin and
mouth care
extracellular dehydration AKA hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER-- isotonic
fluid loss from EXTRAcellular space
extracellular dehydration causes - ANSWER-abdominal surgery, increased urination from
diabetes mellitus/insipidus, excessive diuretic therapy/laxative use, excessive sweating, fever,
hemorrhage, pre-renal failure with increased urination, vomiting and diarrhea, GI suctioning,
acute intestinal obstruction (tumor, paralytic ileus, peristalsis stoppage), acute peritonitis,
burns, third-space fluid shift
third space shift - ANSWER-- extracellular dehydration
- fluids moves from intravascular spaces but not into intracellular but into interstitial space
