Pathophysiology (WCU w/ Song) FINAL Exam
Study Guide Solutions
Etiology - ANSWER✔✔-The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena
Pathogenesis - ANSWER✔✔-development or evolution of a disease
idiopathic - ANSWER✔✔-unknown cause of disease
Examples of idiopathic disease - ANSWER✔✔-Primary/essential
hypertension or gene mutation
Iatrogenic - ANSWER✔✔-Cause is the result of an unintended or
unwanted medical treatment (medication, medical procedures, or surgery)
Examples of Iatrogenic disease - ANSWER✔✔-Diuretics and dialysis will
lead to patient loss of K+ resulting in hypokalemia
Risk factors - ANSWER✔✔-Factors when present increases the likelihood
of the disease
Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER✔✔-Signs, symptoms, or syndrome of
disease
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,Signs - ANSWER✔✔-objective or observed manifestation of disease,
something we can see.
Eg. a bruise or cut
Symptoms - ANSWER✔✔-Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by
the patient.
Eg. Headaches and pain
Syndrome - ANSWER✔✔-Set of signs and symptoms has not yet been
determined
exacerbation - ANSWER✔✔-a sudden increase in severity of disease, signs,
or symptoms
Remission - ANSWER✔✔-decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may
indicate disease is cured
Sensitivity - ANSWER✔✔-probability that a test will be positive when
applied to a person with a particular condition
Homeostasis - ANSWER✔✔--A state of being in which are all systems are
balances around a particular ideal "set-Point" despite alteration in the body.
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,-A state of equilibrium
-Remains stable while being the same.
Negative feed back loop - ANSWER✔✔-to sense and correct any deviation
from the set point variable
Allostasis - ANSWER✔✔-process by which the body reestablish or
maintain homeostasis through physiological and behavioral change.
-The ability to successfully adapt to challenges
-Intricate regulatory process orchestrated by the brain
Stressor - ANSWER✔✔--anything that throws the body out of allostatic
balance
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - ANSWER✔✔-Seyle's concept that
the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
alarm stage of GAS - ANSWER✔✔--fight or flight response, provides a
surge of energy and physical alterations to evade or confront danger.
Alarm stage process (acute stress) - ANSWER✔✔-The hypothalamus
secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
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, CRH activates the sympathetic nervous system and then the adrenal
medulla to secrete a catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine).
This allows the body to rapidly take action to flight or flight.
Alarm stage process (chronic stress) - ANSWER✔✔-the hypothalamus also
secretes CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol and
aldosterone)
The effects is terminated at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Resistance stage - ANSWER✔✔-the second stage of the general adaption
syndrome, the body returns to homeostasis, its normal state
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Study Guide Solutions
Etiology - ANSWER✔✔-The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena
Pathogenesis - ANSWER✔✔-development or evolution of a disease
idiopathic - ANSWER✔✔-unknown cause of disease
Examples of idiopathic disease - ANSWER✔✔-Primary/essential
hypertension or gene mutation
Iatrogenic - ANSWER✔✔-Cause is the result of an unintended or
unwanted medical treatment (medication, medical procedures, or surgery)
Examples of Iatrogenic disease - ANSWER✔✔-Diuretics and dialysis will
lead to patient loss of K+ resulting in hypokalemia
Risk factors - ANSWER✔✔-Factors when present increases the likelihood
of the disease
Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER✔✔-Signs, symptoms, or syndrome of
disease
Copyright ©EMILLECT 2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 1/234
,Signs - ANSWER✔✔-objective or observed manifestation of disease,
something we can see.
Eg. a bruise or cut
Symptoms - ANSWER✔✔-Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by
the patient.
Eg. Headaches and pain
Syndrome - ANSWER✔✔-Set of signs and symptoms has not yet been
determined
exacerbation - ANSWER✔✔-a sudden increase in severity of disease, signs,
or symptoms
Remission - ANSWER✔✔-decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may
indicate disease is cured
Sensitivity - ANSWER✔✔-probability that a test will be positive when
applied to a person with a particular condition
Homeostasis - ANSWER✔✔--A state of being in which are all systems are
balances around a particular ideal "set-Point" despite alteration in the body.
Copyright ©EMILLECT 2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 2/234
,-A state of equilibrium
-Remains stable while being the same.
Negative feed back loop - ANSWER✔✔-to sense and correct any deviation
from the set point variable
Allostasis - ANSWER✔✔-process by which the body reestablish or
maintain homeostasis through physiological and behavioral change.
-The ability to successfully adapt to challenges
-Intricate regulatory process orchestrated by the brain
Stressor - ANSWER✔✔--anything that throws the body out of allostatic
balance
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - ANSWER✔✔-Seyle's concept that
the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
alarm stage of GAS - ANSWER✔✔--fight or flight response, provides a
surge of energy and physical alterations to evade or confront danger.
Alarm stage process (acute stress) - ANSWER✔✔-The hypothalamus
secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Copyright ©EMILLECT 2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 3/234
, CRH activates the sympathetic nervous system and then the adrenal
medulla to secrete a catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine).
This allows the body to rapidly take action to flight or flight.
Alarm stage process (chronic stress) - ANSWER✔✔-the hypothalamus also
secretes CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol and
aldosterone)
The effects is terminated at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Resistance stage - ANSWER✔✔-the second stage of the general adaption
syndrome, the body returns to homeostasis, its normal state
Copyright ©EMILLECT 2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 4/234
