CMN 571 Final Exam with Questions and Verified
Answers| Already A+ Passed
When is daytime continence achieved by most children? - ✔✔70% are continent by age
3 years
90% are continent by age 6 years
Hay p 81
Definition of constipation - ✔✔*≥ TWO* of the following events for *2 months*:
1) < 3 BMs per week
2) > 1 episode of encopresis per week
3) Impaction of rectum with stool
4) Passage of stool so large it obstructs the toilet
5) Retentive posturing and fecal withholding
6) Pain with defecation.
Hay p 81
Definition of encopresis - ✔✔Repeated passage of stool into inappropriate places (such
as the underpants) by a child who is developmentally or chronologically *older than 4
years*. It occurs *each month* for at least *3 months* and is not due to the physiologic
effects of a substance of medical condition, except for constipation.
,Hay p 81
Highest prevalence of encopresis is between what ages? - ✔✔5 and 6
Hay p 81
What percentage of cases of encopresis are the result of constipation? - ✔✔More
than *NINETY (90) PERCENT*!!
Hay p 81
Initial intervention in treatment of encopresis? - ✔✔Treatment of constipation (in
the absence of any gastrointestinal abnormalities).
Hay p 81
What should be prescribed when medical management of constipation in children is indicated?
- ✔✔1) Oral medication, or
2) Enema for "bowel cleanout" followed by oral medication
** Fiber or mineral oil can also be used to help the child have daily bowel movements
Hay p 81
Food refusal may be an expression of __________ in children - ✔✔depression
Hay p 84
,Examples of environmental cues that entrain a child's sleep/wake cycle into a 24 hour rhythm -
✔✔+ Light-dark
+ Ambient temperature
+ Core body temperature
+ Noise
+ Social interaction
+ Hunger
+ Pain
+ Hormone production
Hay p 85
Most mature individual spend about half their time in WHAT stage of sleep? - ✔✔NREM
Stage 2 (i.e slowing of eye movements, slowing of respiratoins and heart rate and relaxation
of muscles)
Hay p 85
When does the deepest NREM sleep occur? - ✔✔During the first 1 - 3 hours after going
to sleep.
Hay p 85
Define parasomnias - ✔✔Abnormalities of arousal, partial arousal and transitions
between stages of sleep.
NOTE: Occur *most often* early in the night during deep NREM sleep, but can occur during
REM sleep as well. Some NREM examples:
, + Confusional arousals
+ Night terrors
+ Sleeptalking (somniloquy)
+ Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Hay p 85
Most children stop napping between what ages? - ✔✔Between 3 and 5 years of age
Hay p 85
How many hours a night do school-aged children typically sleep? - ✔✔10 - 11 hours per
night
Hay p 85
Night terrors: When do they occur, in what ages are they most common, and description of an
NT event - ✔✔WHEN: Usually within 2 hours of falling asleep, often in the deepest stage of
NREM
WHAT AGES: Most often between 3 - 8 years
DESCRIPTION: Incoherent and often unresponsive to comforting. Screaming, thrashing,
sweating, tachycardia and rapid breathing. No memory of event the next day.
Hay p 86
Sleepwalking: At what point in the sleep cycle do the occur, and at what ages is it most
common? - ✔✔WHEN: During slow wave/deep sleep
WHAT AGES: Most common between 4 - 8 years
Answers| Already A+ Passed
When is daytime continence achieved by most children? - ✔✔70% are continent by age
3 years
90% are continent by age 6 years
Hay p 81
Definition of constipation - ✔✔*≥ TWO* of the following events for *2 months*:
1) < 3 BMs per week
2) > 1 episode of encopresis per week
3) Impaction of rectum with stool
4) Passage of stool so large it obstructs the toilet
5) Retentive posturing and fecal withholding
6) Pain with defecation.
Hay p 81
Definition of encopresis - ✔✔Repeated passage of stool into inappropriate places (such
as the underpants) by a child who is developmentally or chronologically *older than 4
years*. It occurs *each month* for at least *3 months* and is not due to the physiologic
effects of a substance of medical condition, except for constipation.
,Hay p 81
Highest prevalence of encopresis is between what ages? - ✔✔5 and 6
Hay p 81
What percentage of cases of encopresis are the result of constipation? - ✔✔More
than *NINETY (90) PERCENT*!!
Hay p 81
Initial intervention in treatment of encopresis? - ✔✔Treatment of constipation (in
the absence of any gastrointestinal abnormalities).
Hay p 81
What should be prescribed when medical management of constipation in children is indicated?
- ✔✔1) Oral medication, or
2) Enema for "bowel cleanout" followed by oral medication
** Fiber or mineral oil can also be used to help the child have daily bowel movements
Hay p 81
Food refusal may be an expression of __________ in children - ✔✔depression
Hay p 84
,Examples of environmental cues that entrain a child's sleep/wake cycle into a 24 hour rhythm -
✔✔+ Light-dark
+ Ambient temperature
+ Core body temperature
+ Noise
+ Social interaction
+ Hunger
+ Pain
+ Hormone production
Hay p 85
Most mature individual spend about half their time in WHAT stage of sleep? - ✔✔NREM
Stage 2 (i.e slowing of eye movements, slowing of respiratoins and heart rate and relaxation
of muscles)
Hay p 85
When does the deepest NREM sleep occur? - ✔✔During the first 1 - 3 hours after going
to sleep.
Hay p 85
Define parasomnias - ✔✔Abnormalities of arousal, partial arousal and transitions
between stages of sleep.
NOTE: Occur *most often* early in the night during deep NREM sleep, but can occur during
REM sleep as well. Some NREM examples:
, + Confusional arousals
+ Night terrors
+ Sleeptalking (somniloquy)
+ Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Hay p 85
Most children stop napping between what ages? - ✔✔Between 3 and 5 years of age
Hay p 85
How many hours a night do school-aged children typically sleep? - ✔✔10 - 11 hours per
night
Hay p 85
Night terrors: When do they occur, in what ages are they most common, and description of an
NT event - ✔✔WHEN: Usually within 2 hours of falling asleep, often in the deepest stage of
NREM
WHAT AGES: Most often between 3 - 8 years
DESCRIPTION: Incoherent and often unresponsive to comforting. Screaming, thrashing,
sweating, tachycardia and rapid breathing. No memory of event the next day.
Hay p 86
Sleepwalking: At what point in the sleep cycle do the occur, and at what ages is it most
common? - ✔✔WHEN: During slow wave/deep sleep
WHAT AGES: Most common between 4 - 8 years
