GLPH M4-M5 questions with complete
solutions
primordial prevention - correct answer ✔✔aims to prevent the development of risk factors of disease by
targeting the underlying environmental and social conditions that might promote them
targets the underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to improve the health of a
population
eg. promoting a lifestyle by establishing safe sidewalks and public outdoor spaces/ walking trails
primary prevention - correct answer ✔✔identification and modification of risk factors to prevent the
onset of disease - risk reduction
targets susceptible individuals and attempt to prevent disease development
targets exposure and risk factors for specific disease as well as ways to increase immunity
eg. getting vaccinated
Seocndary prevention - correct answer ✔✔early detection and treatment of disease before symptoms
appear
eg. regular mammograms to detect and treat breast cancer
teritary prevention - correct answer ✔✔treatment of disease to spot its progression and control it s
negative consequences
when a disease has developed and is in its clinical phase, then tertiary prevention strategies are used
,eg. Patients that have had a myocardial infraction having carbonic rehabilitation and regular check-ups
afterwards
what level of prevention
at the policy level, Canada has endorsed the Canada food guide to healthy eating - correct answer
✔✔primordial
what level of prevention
treating your diabetes appropriately to will help prevent complications - correct answer ✔✔tertiary
what level of prevention
regular exercise and health nutrition can prevent diabetes - correct answer ✔✔primary
what level of prevention
having your doctor test your glucose regularly will identify diabetes early before you have symptoms -
correct answer ✔✔secondary
difference between primordial prevention and health promotion - correct answer ✔✔Primordial
prevention = risk factor prevention/ reduction through social and environmental changes for the entire
population - these changes tend to be accomplished through policy and law changes
Health promotion = helps individuals increase their control over their health, by promoting skill
development and healthy habits - so its a comprehensive approach to helping people obtain their
maximum achievable health status
two main approaches to effective health promotion - correct answer ✔✔1. Identification of individuals
susceptible to a risk factor and intervening to reduce the development of that risk is one effective
approach to health promotion
eg. You can prevent the likelihood of children developing smoking habits by advising parent to quit
smoking and providing the parents with smoking cessation programs
2. Reducing the average risk level for the whole population is another effective approach to health
promotion, which can be accomplished through legislative and/or public policy change
,eg. Consider a policy that mandates companies to display nutritional facts on all food products - this
would allow individuals to see nutritional value of products and may make them less likely to purchase
unhealthy products
health promotion at the individual and population levels target the... - correct answer ✔✔behaviours,
environmental conditions, social conditions and any other factors that could lead to the development fo
risk factors
three factors of health promotion - correct answer ✔✔1. environmental factors - occupation,
housing/living conditions, school or work environment
2. social factors - education, family, social economic status (SES), war/conflict, culture, race/racism
3. other factors - internal/external factors that affect health, healthy/unhealthy behaviours, availability of
quality health services
why is behaviour change important - correct answer ✔✔personal health behaviours are critical aspect of
one's health and are the most easily modifiable SDH
eg. tobacco use, diet, physical activity, risk sexual practices
Social Ecological Model - correct answer ✔✔groups the barriers of behaviour change into
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
Public policy level involves the broad, structural factors such as local, state and federal policies that may
either enable or hinder an individual's ability to take control over their health
Examples:
unfair trade and labour laws that increase prices and access to care products and services
Lack of funding to the healthcare system and other social services
Punitive drug policies
Lack of a comprehensive health curriculum at school
Community/ institution level includes the social and physical environments and settings individuals
engage with daily including schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods, and healthcare facilities
This level encompasses social and gender norms, a sense of empowerment within the community and
the policies that influence the social environment of schools and workplaces
, Examples:
lack of economic and housing opportunities
Inflexible work environment
Lack fo healthy food options at school
Inaccessible parks and other recreational areas
Interpersonal level involves social relationships, include those with friends, family, peers, partners and
coworkers. Anyone of these relationships may influence and indivudal's behaviour positively or
negatively
Examples:
lack of connection and social integration with peers at school
Unsupportive family or peer environment
Lack of agreeableness within the physician-patient relationship
Social norms with peer group that promote negative behaviours such as smoking
Intrapersonal barriers are mostly situated within the control of an individual, some of the factors related
to this include knowledge, attitudes, skills, self-efficacy, motivation, age and socioeconomic status
Examples:
lack of knowledge about safe sexual practices, dental hygiene, etc.
Flawed ris
Health Belief Model - correct answer ✔✔A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether
a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the
person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be
effective in reducing that threat.
perceived seriousness and susceptibility will influence
- perceived benefits vs barrier
- perceived threat
- self efficacy
and these will influence action - which is the likelihood of engaging in health behaviour
solutions
primordial prevention - correct answer ✔✔aims to prevent the development of risk factors of disease by
targeting the underlying environmental and social conditions that might promote them
targets the underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to improve the health of a
population
eg. promoting a lifestyle by establishing safe sidewalks and public outdoor spaces/ walking trails
primary prevention - correct answer ✔✔identification and modification of risk factors to prevent the
onset of disease - risk reduction
targets susceptible individuals and attempt to prevent disease development
targets exposure and risk factors for specific disease as well as ways to increase immunity
eg. getting vaccinated
Seocndary prevention - correct answer ✔✔early detection and treatment of disease before symptoms
appear
eg. regular mammograms to detect and treat breast cancer
teritary prevention - correct answer ✔✔treatment of disease to spot its progression and control it s
negative consequences
when a disease has developed and is in its clinical phase, then tertiary prevention strategies are used
,eg. Patients that have had a myocardial infraction having carbonic rehabilitation and regular check-ups
afterwards
what level of prevention
at the policy level, Canada has endorsed the Canada food guide to healthy eating - correct answer
✔✔primordial
what level of prevention
treating your diabetes appropriately to will help prevent complications - correct answer ✔✔tertiary
what level of prevention
regular exercise and health nutrition can prevent diabetes - correct answer ✔✔primary
what level of prevention
having your doctor test your glucose regularly will identify diabetes early before you have symptoms -
correct answer ✔✔secondary
difference between primordial prevention and health promotion - correct answer ✔✔Primordial
prevention = risk factor prevention/ reduction through social and environmental changes for the entire
population - these changes tend to be accomplished through policy and law changes
Health promotion = helps individuals increase their control over their health, by promoting skill
development and healthy habits - so its a comprehensive approach to helping people obtain their
maximum achievable health status
two main approaches to effective health promotion - correct answer ✔✔1. Identification of individuals
susceptible to a risk factor and intervening to reduce the development of that risk is one effective
approach to health promotion
eg. You can prevent the likelihood of children developing smoking habits by advising parent to quit
smoking and providing the parents with smoking cessation programs
2. Reducing the average risk level for the whole population is another effective approach to health
promotion, which can be accomplished through legislative and/or public policy change
,eg. Consider a policy that mandates companies to display nutritional facts on all food products - this
would allow individuals to see nutritional value of products and may make them less likely to purchase
unhealthy products
health promotion at the individual and population levels target the... - correct answer ✔✔behaviours,
environmental conditions, social conditions and any other factors that could lead to the development fo
risk factors
three factors of health promotion - correct answer ✔✔1. environmental factors - occupation,
housing/living conditions, school or work environment
2. social factors - education, family, social economic status (SES), war/conflict, culture, race/racism
3. other factors - internal/external factors that affect health, healthy/unhealthy behaviours, availability of
quality health services
why is behaviour change important - correct answer ✔✔personal health behaviours are critical aspect of
one's health and are the most easily modifiable SDH
eg. tobacco use, diet, physical activity, risk sexual practices
Social Ecological Model - correct answer ✔✔groups the barriers of behaviour change into
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
Public policy level involves the broad, structural factors such as local, state and federal policies that may
either enable or hinder an individual's ability to take control over their health
Examples:
unfair trade and labour laws that increase prices and access to care products and services
Lack of funding to the healthcare system and other social services
Punitive drug policies
Lack of a comprehensive health curriculum at school
Community/ institution level includes the social and physical environments and settings individuals
engage with daily including schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods, and healthcare facilities
This level encompasses social and gender norms, a sense of empowerment within the community and
the policies that influence the social environment of schools and workplaces
, Examples:
lack of economic and housing opportunities
Inflexible work environment
Lack fo healthy food options at school
Inaccessible parks and other recreational areas
Interpersonal level involves social relationships, include those with friends, family, peers, partners and
coworkers. Anyone of these relationships may influence and indivudal's behaviour positively or
negatively
Examples:
lack of connection and social integration with peers at school
Unsupportive family or peer environment
Lack of agreeableness within the physician-patient relationship
Social norms with peer group that promote negative behaviours such as smoking
Intrapersonal barriers are mostly situated within the control of an individual, some of the factors related
to this include knowledge, attitudes, skills, self-efficacy, motivation, age and socioeconomic status
Examples:
lack of knowledge about safe sexual practices, dental hygiene, etc.
Flawed ris
Health Belief Model - correct answer ✔✔A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether
a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the
person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be
effective in reducing that threat.
perceived seriousness and susceptibility will influence
- perceived benefits vs barrier
- perceived threat
- self efficacy
and these will influence action - which is the likelihood of engaging in health behaviour
