295 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Why do fat droplets in a system of water eventually come together to form one
fat droplet? - ANSWER nonpolar spontaneously interacts with nonpolar via
*hydrophobic interaction*
Why do fat droplets in a system of water come together, isn't entropy supposed
to increase? - ANSWER 1. Fats are (kind of) repelled by water
2. fats altogether have a lower surface area
3. ice-like water around each fat droplet increases in disorder
Do lipids combine together? - ANSWER no
Are C-H, C-C bonds polar or nonpolar - ANSWER nonpolar
trace elements - ANSWER elements required by organism in smallest
quantities
valence - ANSWER atom's bonding capacity (number of unpaired electrons,
number of covalent bonds atom can form to complete shell)
What is the strength of ionic bonds in aqueous phase? - ANSWER weak
What are the four emergent properties of water for life? - ANSWER 1.
cohesion
2. moderation of temperature
3. higher density of water than ice
4. Universal solvent
surface tension - ANSWER measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break
surface of liquid
,evaporative cooling - ANSWER as liquid evaporates, surface of liquid that
remains behind cools down
Why is water more dense than ice? - ANSWER H bonding in ice keeps
molecules *apart*, lack of speed prevents them from breaking H bonds, leaving
them in a lattice
What are two qualities of hydrophobic substances? - ANSWER nonionic and
nonpolar
What are common ingredients of organic molecules? - ANSWER *C*, H, O,
N, (S, P)
What did Miller and Urey conclude? - ANSWER complex organic molecules
arise spontaneously under conditions of early Earth
hydrocarbon - ANSWER organic molecule containing only carbon and
hydrogen
Where are hydrocarbons found? - ANSWER petroleum, tails of fats
isomers - ANSWER compounds with same literal formula, but different
structure
structural isomers - ANSWER differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
cis-trans isomers - ANSWER carbons have covalent bonds to same atoms, but
atoms differ in spatial arrangement
enantiomers - ANSWER isomers that are mirror images of each other
asymmetric carbon - ANSWER carbon attached to 4+ different atoms
functional group - ANSWER chemical group involved in chemical rxns
directly
hydroxyl group - ANSWER polar, *alcohol*
, carbonyl group - ANSWER *aldehydes*, *ketones*
carboxyl group - ANSWER carboxylic *acid*
amino group - ANSWER *amine*
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER *thiols*
phosphate group - ANSWER (organic phosphate)
methyl group - ANSWER (methylated compound)
macromolecules - ANSWER huge carbohydrates, proteins, or nucleic acids
polymer - ANSWER long chain of identical monomers in carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids
What happens when 5 or 6 carbon sugars are in aqueous solutions? - ANSWER
they form rings
glycosodic linkage - ANSWER formation of disaccharide by dehydration
synthesis between first and fourth carbon of respective sugars
how do plants and muscles store polysaccharides? - ANSWER starch,
glycogen
Difference between alpha and beta glucose? - ANSWER orientation of H and
OH upon the first carbon is flipped
Difference between alpha and beta linkage? - ANSWER starch, cellulose
chitin - ANSWER structural polysaccharide in arthropods and fungi
lipids - ANSWER nonpolymers and hydrophobic molecules
triglyceride - ANSWER glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Why do fat droplets in a system of water eventually come together to form one
fat droplet? - ANSWER nonpolar spontaneously interacts with nonpolar via
*hydrophobic interaction*
Why do fat droplets in a system of water come together, isn't entropy supposed
to increase? - ANSWER 1. Fats are (kind of) repelled by water
2. fats altogether have a lower surface area
3. ice-like water around each fat droplet increases in disorder
Do lipids combine together? - ANSWER no
Are C-H, C-C bonds polar or nonpolar - ANSWER nonpolar
trace elements - ANSWER elements required by organism in smallest
quantities
valence - ANSWER atom's bonding capacity (number of unpaired electrons,
number of covalent bonds atom can form to complete shell)
What is the strength of ionic bonds in aqueous phase? - ANSWER weak
What are the four emergent properties of water for life? - ANSWER 1.
cohesion
2. moderation of temperature
3. higher density of water than ice
4. Universal solvent
surface tension - ANSWER measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break
surface of liquid
,evaporative cooling - ANSWER as liquid evaporates, surface of liquid that
remains behind cools down
Why is water more dense than ice? - ANSWER H bonding in ice keeps
molecules *apart*, lack of speed prevents them from breaking H bonds, leaving
them in a lattice
What are two qualities of hydrophobic substances? - ANSWER nonionic and
nonpolar
What are common ingredients of organic molecules? - ANSWER *C*, H, O,
N, (S, P)
What did Miller and Urey conclude? - ANSWER complex organic molecules
arise spontaneously under conditions of early Earth
hydrocarbon - ANSWER organic molecule containing only carbon and
hydrogen
Where are hydrocarbons found? - ANSWER petroleum, tails of fats
isomers - ANSWER compounds with same literal formula, but different
structure
structural isomers - ANSWER differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
cis-trans isomers - ANSWER carbons have covalent bonds to same atoms, but
atoms differ in spatial arrangement
enantiomers - ANSWER isomers that are mirror images of each other
asymmetric carbon - ANSWER carbon attached to 4+ different atoms
functional group - ANSWER chemical group involved in chemical rxns
directly
hydroxyl group - ANSWER polar, *alcohol*
, carbonyl group - ANSWER *aldehydes*, *ketones*
carboxyl group - ANSWER carboxylic *acid*
amino group - ANSWER *amine*
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER *thiols*
phosphate group - ANSWER (organic phosphate)
methyl group - ANSWER (methylated compound)
macromolecules - ANSWER huge carbohydrates, proteins, or nucleic acids
polymer - ANSWER long chain of identical monomers in carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids
What happens when 5 or 6 carbon sugars are in aqueous solutions? - ANSWER
they form rings
glycosodic linkage - ANSWER formation of disaccharide by dehydration
synthesis between first and fourth carbon of respective sugars
how do plants and muscles store polysaccharides? - ANSWER starch,
glycogen
Difference between alpha and beta glucose? - ANSWER orientation of H and
OH upon the first carbon is flipped
Difference between alpha and beta linkage? - ANSWER starch, cellulose
chitin - ANSWER structural polysaccharide in arthropods and fungi
lipids - ANSWER nonpolymers and hydrophobic molecules
triglyceride - ANSWER glycerol + 3 fatty acids
