Myers AP Psychology LEARNING

Acquisition - answer-the "learned" behavior or response Albert Bandura - answer-researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment Associative learning - answer-learning that certain events occur together. Aversion theory - answer-an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. B.F. Skinner - answer-he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats. Behaviorism - answer-psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Biofeedback - answer-a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. Classical conditioning - answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Cognitive learning - answer-the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language Cognitive map - answer-a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) Conditioned reinforcer - answer-a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer Conditioned response (CR) - answer-the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) - answer-an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction Continuous reinforcement - answer-reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Coping - answer-alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods Discrimination - answer-the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US Discriminative stimulus - answer-a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) External locus of control - answer-the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. Extinction - answer-the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced Extrinsic motivation - answer-a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE Fixed-interval schedule - answer-a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Fixed-ratio schedule - answer-a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Generalization - answer-the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses Habituation - answer-an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Higher-order conditioning - answer-a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS. Insight - answer-a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem Internal locus of control - answer-the perception that you control your own fate Intrinsic motivation - answer-a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE Ivan Pavlov - answer-Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs () John Garcia - answer-Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. John Watson - answer-behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat Latent learning - answer-learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER Law of effect - answer-Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Learned helplessness - answer-the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Learned helplessness - answer-the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Learning - answer-a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience Little albert - answer-subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear Mirror neurons - answer-frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath Modeling - answer-the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Negative reinforcement - answer-increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Neutral stimulus (NS) - answer-environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment) Observational learning - answer-learning by observing others; also called social learning Operant chamber - answer-Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking Operant conditioning - answer-a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher Partial (intermittent) reinforcement - answer-reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement