NR 507 Pathophysiolgy Midterm

___ and ___ are the primary causes of ESRD - answer-DM and HTN ___ is used to determine stage of CKD - answer-GFR ____ + ____ = myocardial muscle contraction - answer-Actin and myosin ____ hgb molecule can carry ____ o2 molecules - answer-1, 4 ____ is the most common primary DX in the US! - answer-Secondary HTN ____makes up 25% of myocardial cells for high ATP production - answer-Mitochondria ___prevents neural tube defects - answer-Folate ___reflects the body's total iron stores - answer-Ferritin 2 atrioventricular valves - answer-Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) 2 semilunar valves - answer-Pulmonary and aortic 3 electrolytes needed for myocardial contractility - answer-Ca2+, Na, K+ 3 primary causes of CKD - answer-HTN, DM, SLE 4 causes of heart failure - answer-CAD, HTN, cardiomyopathy, faulty valves 4 events that lead to HF - answer-HTN, increased LV preload, increased LA preload, pulmonary edema 4 target organs of HTN - answer-Eyes, kidneys, heart, brain 5 causes of lung disease leading to cor pulmonale? - answer-COPD, PE, pulmonary fibrosis, OSA, myasthenia gravis, polio Activation of RAA _____ preload and afterload, ____ cardiac workload = ____ HF symptoms - answer-Increases, increases, worsening Acute renal failure is ___ - answer-Reversible Afterload - answer-Resistance to systolic ejection Afterload is decreased by ____ and ____ (____) - answer-Hypotension, vasodilation, shock Afterload is increased by ____, ____, ____ which leads to ____ - answer-HTN, valve disease, COPD, pulmonary HTN Asthma s/s - answer-Wheezing, chest tightness, SOB Asthma treatment - 3 classes/medications - answer-Beta 2 agonists-albuterol, anticholinergics for bronchodilation-ipratropium, oral steroids to reduce inflammation-prednisone Average RBC lifespan - answer-120 days, 3-4 months Blood-borne pathogens are trapped in ____ - answer-Glomerulonephritis Cause of intra-renal failure - answer-Damage to kidney (glomerulus, tubules, interstitium, or vasculature) Cause of post-renal failure - answer-Obstruction in collecting duct, ureter, bladder or urethra Causes of hemolytic anemia - answer-Mismatched blood types, autoimmune disease, drug-induced allergic reaction Causes of iron deficiency anemia - answer-Decreased iron intake, hemorrhage (colitis, cirrhosis, ulcers, lesions, menorrhagia) Causes of pre-renal failure (5) - answer-Volume depletion, polyuria from DM, v+d, fluid loss from burn or hemorrhage, hypoperfusion Causes of pre-renal hypoperfusion - answer-Decreased CO from HF or MI, atherosclerosis Chronic bronchitis causes ____ lung damage! - answer-Irreversible Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed when chrnoic productive cough persists for ____ for ____ - answer-3 months, 2 consecutive years Chronic bronchitis s/s - answer-Productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, rhonchi, cyanosis CKD can be caused by ___ and ___ factors - answer-Intrinsic (glomerulonephritis), extrinsic (DM) Consequences of decreased o2 due to lack of Hgb (5) - answer-Fatigue, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, dizziness Contractility - answer-Systolic ejection Cor pulmonale causes ___ and is caused by ___ - answer-Enlargement of RV, pulmonary HTN from chronic lung disease Define chronic kidney disease (CKD) - answer-Long-term permanent decline in renal function Define contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - answer-Injury from contrast administration, 3rd most common hospital-acquired ARI Define excretion - answer-Elimination from the body Define glomerularnephritis - answer-Decreased GFR causes increased BUN and creatinine Define hematopoiesis - answer-Formation of blood cellular components Define hemolytic anemia - answer-RBCs are destroyed Define oliguria - answer-Decreased urine production Define perfision - answer-The ability of lungs and tissues to perform gas exchange Define reabsorption - answer-Movement of content from glomerular filtrate to blood Define RIFLE - answer-Risk (90-120), injury (60-89), failure (30-59), loss (15-29), end (<15) Define secretion - answer-Movement of contents from blood to the nephron Define sickle-cell anemia - answer-Inherited one normal Hb gene and one abnormal Hb gene Define thalassemia - answer-Two inherited abnormal Hb genes causing decreased circulating hgb Define ventilation - answer-The ability to inhale and exhale air Define viscoureteral reflux - answer-Retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters Early lab markers in developing microcytic or microcytic anemia is ___ - answer-Increased RBC distribution width (RDW) Ejection fraction = ____/____ - answer-SV, EDV Equation for cardiac output - answer-stroke volume x heart rate Extrinsic asthma - answer-External trigger, allergic response mediated by IgE Extrinsic asthma is more common in ____ and ____ - answer-Children, males Hemorrhage and decreased volume decreases ___and ___ - answer-Preload and afterload High-output failure is caused by what? (4) - answer-Severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, and sepsis (extreme febrile state), nutritional deficiencies How many capillary beds surround each nephron? - answer-2 How many nephrons in each kidney? - answer-1 million HTN, pulmonary disease and aortic valve damage cause ___ - answer-Increased afterload Hyaline sclerosis and atherosclerosis are examples of ____ - answer-Vascular remodeling Hypoxia causes ____ contractility of heart muscle - answer-Decreased In cystitis, ____ and ____ are the most common causes - answer-E. Coli, Staph Increased preload increases ___ - answer-Stroke volume Intrinsic asthma - answer-Internal trigger (anxiety) Intrinsic asthma is typically seen in ____ over ____ - answer-Adults, age 40 Iron deficiency anemia is ____/____ - answer-Microcytic/hypochromic Ischemia, acidosis and cardiomyopathy cause___ - answer-Decreased contractility It takes ____ ml of blood loss per day to lose ____ mg of iron - answer-2-4, 1-2 Low ferritin = - answer-Anemia Lymphadenopathy is both a ______ of ____ and the ____ response to ____ - answer-Symptom, disease, body's, illness Macrocyclic anemia (2) - answer-B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia), folate deficiency Microcytic anemia (2) - answer-Iron deficiency, thalassemia Most common cause of ARF? - answer-Pre-renal Most common cause of intra-renal failure - answer-ATN-ischemia, toxins Normal GFR - answer-125 mL/min Pathophysiology of intra-renal failure - answer-Injury causes loss of function, decreased tubule reabsorption, increased sodium and h2o excretion Pathophysiology of pre-renal failure - answer-Decreased blood to glomerulus, decreased GFR, decreased renal blood flow = activation of RAA Pathway of airflow through the lungs - answer-Inhaled through ventilation into lungs, ow from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to L side of heart, to systemic circulation Preload - answer-Diastolic filling with venous blood Preload is decreased by ____ or ____ - answer-External pressure (tamponade) or hypovolemia Preload is increased by ____ and ____ - answer-CHF and hypervolemia Proteinuria causes ____ oncotic pressure and ____ - answer-Decreased, tissue edema Proteinuria causes - answer-Muscle wasting RBCs are removed by ___ located primarily in the ___ - answer-Macrophages, spleen RBCs lack ___ and ___ - answer-Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus Right sided HF is also called ___ - answer-Cor pulmonale Risk factors for pernicious anemia (3) - answer-Older adults, h pylori, decreased b-12 absorption S/S in polycythemia secondary to COPD - answer-Increased HCT by RBC compensation, can lead to blood clot S/S of pernicious anemia (3) - answer-Fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy in BLE S1 - answer-First heart sound, closure of mital and tricuspid valves in systole S2 - answer-Second heart sound, closure of aortic and pulmonica valves in diastole Secondary hypertension is most often caused by ____ or ____ - answer-Disease, dru