Biochemistry Test 1 (Essential Biochemistry 3rd Edition) Verified Solutions

Biochemistry Test 1 (Essential Biochemistry 3rd Edition) Verified Solutions What is the basic building block of proteins? ️️ Amino acids. What is the primary structure of a protein? ️️ The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. What is the main function of enzymes in biological systems? ️️ To act as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions. What are the three main types of carbohydrates? ️️ Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. What is the main storage form of energy in animals? ️️ Glycogen. What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of sugar? ️️ DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. What are lipids primarily made of? ️️ Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What is the primary function of lipids in the body? ️️ Energy storage, insulation, and forming cell membranes. What is the universal energy currency in cells? ️️ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). What is the process by which plants produce glucose? ️️ Photosynthesis. What element is found in the center of a heme group in hemoglobin? ️️ Iron. What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP? ️️ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Which molecule is the primary carrier of genetic information? ️️ DNA. What is the role of ribosomes in a cell? ️️ To synthesize proteins by translating mRNA. What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together? ️️ Hydrogen bonds. What is the end product of glycolysis? ️️ Pyruvate. What is the main function of mitochondria in cells? ️️ To produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. What are the two types of nucleic acids found in cells? ️️ DNA and RNA. What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? ️️ To absorb light energy for the production of glucose. What type of macromolecule are enzymes classified as? ️️ Proteins. Nucleotide ️️monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Nucleoside ️️base + sugar sugar-phosphate backbone ️️The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached nucleotide residue ️️Each nucleotide that has been incorporated into the polynucleotide degradation ️️breaking of linkages geometric complementarity ️️binding site has a structure complementary to the substrate it needs to bind BDNA ️️most frequent structure of DNA; right handed helix; can fold into higher order structures (first step is supercoil); anti glycosidic bond; 35 Angstrom pitch per turn of helix ZDNA ️️left-handed double helix, less abundant Distance between backbones ️️Kept constant due to every rung being a H bond between a pyrimidine and purine Pyrimidines ️️cytosine, thymine, uracil (single ring structure) Purines ️️Adenine and Guanine, double ring structure Major Groove ️️a groove that spirals around the DNA double helix; provides a location where a protein can bind to a particular sequence of bases and affect the expression of a gene minor groove ️️A smaller groove that spirals around the DNA double helix. Electrostatic complementarity ️️Binding site has a charge that is complementary to substrate that bonds to it polynucleotide ️️ RNA and DNA hybrid ️️A short region about 9 base pairs of the newly synthesized RNA transcript exists as a short lived what? DNA chemical stability ️️resistance to phosphodiester hydrolysis DNA conformational stability ️️resistance to melting Step-wise melting ️️each base pair melts independently Cooperativity ️️Simultaneous melting of all base pairs (2 state model with no intermediates) Infinite Cooperativity. Sigmoidal curve. Local melting promotes melting of nearby base pairs Tm ️️Temperature at which 50% of the molecules are 100% denatured