Microbiology StraighterLine unit 1

Acellular microorganisms - answer-viruses -protein and nucleic acid, Viroids - rna Satellites -nucleic acid with a protein shell Prions- protein Agricultural microbiology - answer-relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals Alexander fleming - answer-discovered penicillin Algae are - answer-photosynthetic and produce oxygen, foundation of aquatic food chains Amino acids - answer-building blocks of proteins Antitoxin - answer-antibodies against a specific toxin Anton van leeuwenhoek - answer-made first simple microscope, and saw both bacteria and protists Bacteria - answer-can be pathogens (black plague) Human biome Break down dead animal and plant cells Used to make bread cheese antibiotics vitamins and enzymes Bacteria are abundant where - answer-extreme sites of temperature ph and salinity. Major part of human microbiome Bioinformatics - answer-application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data By randomly testing the outcomes of the chemical reactions - answer-able to see which reactions produced stability or produced molecules that could function as catalysts, made cell structures, or replicate and act as units of hereditary information Carl woese - answer-devised a system of classification based on the cellular organization of organisms (bacteria and archaea) Catalytic proteins are called _______________. - answer-enzymes, speeding up reactions Catalytic rna - answer-also called ribozyme. An rna capable of enzymatic function. Cellular microorganisms - answer-fungi - yeast molds Protists - algae, protozoa, slime molds Bacteria -e coli Archaea - methanogens (natural gas)extreme environments Definition of life - answer-orderly structure, reproduce, metabolize Dna - answer-a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes., protein catalyst for synthesis of new dna Domain archaea - answer-one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea. Domain eukarya - answer-domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals Edward jenner - answer-developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796 Elie metchnikoff - answer-1. Discovered that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes, which he named phagocytes; this identification was a first step in understanding immunity Endoplasmic reticulum - answer-an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed Endosymbiosis - answer-a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another Endosymbiotic theory - answer-a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells - answer-contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Evolutionary distance - answer-a measure of how far apart two organisms are on the evolutionary scale. (not related to time, or when the evolution happened) Extant organisms - answer-an organism that exists on earth today. Fanny hesse - answer-developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media Fungi are - answer-protists with metabolic capability. Can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds and mushrooms) Fungi produce plant diseases such as - answer-rusts, powdery mildew, smuts Genetic information from dna encodes a sequence of amino acids in - answer-protein Genetic information from dna encodes a sequence of nucleotides in - answer-rna Genome - answer-all the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes. Genome sequencing - answer-determining the nucleotide base sequence of the entire genome of an organism Genomic analysis - answer-an approach to studying organisms that involves sequencing the genome, identifying genes, and assigning functions to the genes. Geological and chemical processes in the oceans produced - answer-hydrogen, methane, carboxylic acids Hgt (horizontal gene transfer) - answer-movement of genes among individuals from different species is called ~genomics shows that ~30% of a typical bacterial genome was obtained from this Hydrogen hypothesis - answer-asserts that the endosymbiont was an anaerobic bacterium that produced h2 and co2 as end products of its metabolism Hydrogen, methane and carboxylic acids combined in - answer-hydrothermal vents or shallow pools which provided the conditions that allowed the chemicals to react with one another Immunology - answer-study of the body's resistance to infectious disease (hiv allergies and autoimmune diseases Industrial microbiology - answer-production of organic compounds such as antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, acids, solvents and enzzymes. Jack szostak - answer--explored how protocells (rna-containing cells) might have formed, created liposomes (found in membranes today) Joseph lister - answer-english surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics () Koch's postulates - answer-set of rules for proving that a microorganism causes a specific disease. (first was tuberculosis) Leaky liposomes - answer-allows single rna nucleotides to move into the liposomes but prevents large rna chains to move out Life was present on earth - answer-3.5 billion years ago, early archaean era Lipids are - answer-hydrophobic, major structural components of modern organisms membranes Liposomes - answer-vesicles bound by a lipid bilayer Louis pasteur - answer-a french chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria and disproved theory of spontaneous generation Louis pasteur and pierre roux - answer-created the first vaccines using attenuated cultures Luca - answer-last universal common ancestor. The shared ancestor that multiple organisms diverged from Major types of protists - answer-algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds Martinus beijerinck - answer-first demonstrated that nitrogen-fixing rhizobia grow as endosymbionts within leguminous plants. Medical microbiology - answer-study of microbes as they relate to medicine Metagenomics - answer-the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples (soil and aquatic habitats) Microbial ecology - answer-the study of microorganisms in their natural environments Microorganism - answer-organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye Less than 1mm Unicellular If multicellular thay lack different tissues Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain - answer-dna and ribosomes Modern cells have three different roles - answer-catalyst, structural, hereditary Mycorrhizal fungi - answer-fungi that surround plant roots and help plants obtain water and minerals (in poor soils) Nucleus - answer-a part of the cell containing dna and rna and responsible for growth and reproduction Peptidoglycan - answer-a type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked