Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses
Epistaxis Nasal Polyps Deviated Septum Sinusitis Sleep Apnea
Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology
● AKA nosebleed ● Grapelike clusters of ● May result from nasal ● Inflammation of the ● Periods of apnea during
● Either from anterior or mucosa in the nasal trauma but often has no mucosa of one or more sleep
posterior region passage cause sinuses ● Often occurs when
● Common causes are dry, ● Exact cause is unknown ● Extreme deviation of ● Can be acute or chronic sleeping supine
cracked mucous membranes, ● Related to chronic septum can cause ● Chronic- Diagnosed if ● Muscles of throat relax,
trauma, forceful nose inflammation, and people blockage of sinus symptoms have existed tongue and soft tissue
blowing/nose picking, and with allergies are prone drainage or interfere more than 3 months and fall back and obstruct
tumors. to developing them with breathing are unresponsive to the airway
● High blood pressure can ● Associated with cystic treatment ● Resulting
prolong a nosebleed but isn't fibrosis ● Maxillary & ethmoid hypoxemia(↓O2) send a
usually the cause. ● Some pts. With nasal sinuses are commonly signal to take a breath,
polyps also have aspirin affected causing a sudden,loud
and are allergic to ● May follow a cold or other inhalation
aspirin- viral upper resp. Illness ● Can occur up to 100
aspirin-exacerbated ● Common infecting times an hr throughout
respiratory organisms: Streptococcus the night
disease(AERD) pneumoniae & ● Occurs more in men,
Haemophilus those who are
● Other causes: swelling by overweight, smokers,
allergies, nasal polyps, and those who have
fungal infection, or high arched palates or
intubation with a receding jawlines
nasotracheal or nasogastric ● Associated with ↑ risk
tube for heart disease, high
BP, stroke, and diabetes
Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures
● Sit in a chair and lean ● Control of allergy ● Decongestants, ● Nasal irrigation with ● Avoid alcohol &
forward slightly to avoid symptoms may help antihistamines, or normal saline solution sedatives at bedtime
aspirating blood. control development of intranasal cortisone ● Corticosteroids(usually ● Avoid sleeping on teh
● Place pressure on nares for polyp sprays may be used to nasal spray) back
5-10 min. to stop bleeding. ● Oral antihistamines, treat symptoms(↓ ● Adrenergic nasal spray, ● Encourage smoking
● Avoid placing pressure if a leukotriene antagonists, inflammation) used cautiously by patients cessation
Epistaxis Nasal Polyps Deviated Septum Sinusitis Sleep Apnea
Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology Patho/Etiology
● AKA nosebleed ● Grapelike clusters of ● May result from nasal ● Inflammation of the ● Periods of apnea during
● Either from anterior or mucosa in the nasal trauma but often has no mucosa of one or more sleep
posterior region passage cause sinuses ● Often occurs when
● Common causes are dry, ● Exact cause is unknown ● Extreme deviation of ● Can be acute or chronic sleeping supine
cracked mucous membranes, ● Related to chronic septum can cause ● Chronic- Diagnosed if ● Muscles of throat relax,
trauma, forceful nose inflammation, and people blockage of sinus symptoms have existed tongue and soft tissue
blowing/nose picking, and with allergies are prone drainage or interfere more than 3 months and fall back and obstruct
tumors. to developing them with breathing are unresponsive to the airway
● High blood pressure can ● Associated with cystic treatment ● Resulting
prolong a nosebleed but isn't fibrosis ● Maxillary & ethmoid hypoxemia(↓O2) send a
usually the cause. ● Some pts. With nasal sinuses are commonly signal to take a breath,
polyps also have aspirin affected causing a sudden,loud
and are allergic to ● May follow a cold or other inhalation
aspirin- viral upper resp. Illness ● Can occur up to 100
aspirin-exacerbated ● Common infecting times an hr throughout
respiratory organisms: Streptococcus the night
disease(AERD) pneumoniae & ● Occurs more in men,
Haemophilus those who are
● Other causes: swelling by overweight, smokers,
allergies, nasal polyps, and those who have
fungal infection, or high arched palates or
intubation with a receding jawlines
nasotracheal or nasogastric ● Associated with ↑ risk
tube for heart disease, high
BP, stroke, and diabetes
Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures Therapeutic Measures
● Sit in a chair and lean ● Control of allergy ● Decongestants, ● Nasal irrigation with ● Avoid alcohol &
forward slightly to avoid symptoms may help antihistamines, or normal saline solution sedatives at bedtime
aspirating blood. control development of intranasal cortisone ● Corticosteroids(usually ● Avoid sleeping on teh
● Place pressure on nares for polyp sprays may be used to nasal spray) back
5-10 min. to stop bleeding. ● Oral antihistamines, treat symptoms(↓ ● Adrenergic nasal spray, ● Encourage smoking
● Avoid placing pressure if a leukotriene antagonists, inflammation) used cautiously by patients cessation
