Portage Learning A&P 1 - Module 2

Alveolar macrophages - answer-they are the most abundant cell within the alveoli.They are the primary immune defense system of the alveoli. Once a macrophage has phagocytized a particle or pathogen, it migrates toward the ciliary surface of the bronchiolar system. Once on the surface, the cilia carry the macrophage and particles to the mouth to be expectorated or swallowed.They act like a vacuum cleaner. Alveoli - answer-are primary way that gasses are exchanged. They are wedged between capillaries. Heavily vascularized area bc must have a lot of blood flow to be able to exchange all the gasses we need for our body. The primary function of the cells within the alveoli is to allow efficient exchange of gases between the air and blood. Anatomical organization of the respiratory system - answer-allows the respiratory system to perform three main functions: 1) air conduction, 2) air filtration, and 3) exchange of gases - aka respiration Aspiration - answer-when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea. This may happen because bothfood and air cross in this region. Basement membrane - answer-"floor" of the epithelial tissue. Bronchi - answer-two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. The bronchi resemble the trachea in structure, but as the tubes divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner, and rings of cartilage are no longer present. Bronchial tree - answer-branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli Bronchioles - answer-progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways Cilia - answer-small hair like projections at the apex or the top of the cells (apical side). These hairs move or "beat" in an upward sweeping motion. Their action helps to keep the respiratory tract free of debris. Columnar cells - answer-attach to basement membrane, called columnar because they are taller than they are wide Conducting portion of respiratory system - answer-responsible for moving air in and out of lungs. Air is filtered so that it is free of debris, warmed, and humidified. By the time the air reaches the lungs, it is at body temperature and saturated with water. Epiglottis - answer-located in the oropharynx behind the oral cavity- this flap directs food and fluid away from the trachea and into the esophagus. It is a cartilage flap that moves like a trap door. Esophagus - answer-lies posterior to the larynx and trachea. It is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx with the stomach. It is lined with mucosa. It is the tube that is used for food and nutrients. Glottis - answer-an opening into the larynx, or voice box. The vocal cordsor folds are also located in the larynx. Goblet cells - answer-these cells produce mucus, catch debris and move it out. Are also present within the epithelium of the respiratory tract. Named for their wineglass (or goblet) like appearance. Are found in the nostrils, Trachea and bronchi Gross Anatomy - answer-Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye Gross Anatomy of the Lungs - answer-The right lung has three lobes while the left lung has two lobes. The both lungs have oblique fissures. The right lung also has a horizontal fissure separating the superior and middle lobes Hard palate - answer-roof of the mouth Hard palate and soft palate - answer-separate oral cavity from nasal cavity Hilum - answer-the root where the pulmonary blood vessels and veins enter the lung. This is also where the trachea turns into the bronchi. Histology - answer-the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope.A cellular view Laryngopharynx - answer-area where the pharynx, larynx and esophagus meet. Stratified squamous epithelium protects these tissues from frictional damage. Larynx - answer-Attached to the trachea. Can physically feel going up and down when you swallow. This tube is permanently held open to receive air. It is made up of single cartilages and paired cartilages. It is the area that includes the Thyroid, Epiglottis, glottis, cricoid cartilage and vocal cords. Nasal cavities - answer-aka fossae, composed of bone and cartilage, are made up of several parts. The left and right fossae are separated by the nasal septum. Nasal conchae - answer-found in nasal cavity. Responsible for warming air as it moves past. Important so the body can do less work during respiration. We want air to be warm and moist before it enters the lungs Nasopharynx - answer-connection area between the nasal cavity and pharynx, generally above the soft palate- has this name bc connects to nasal cavity Nostril - answer-have hair and cilia that filter the air , have goblet cells that trap Oropharynx - answer-caudal to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis. Has this name bc located behind oral cavity. Paired cartilages - answer-arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms- are smaller in size to the single cartilages Parietal pleura - answer-covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum. Pharynx - answer-Throat; the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. Has 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx Pleura - answer-membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs Pleural space/cavity - answer-The space that is formed between the pleurae. Normally, this space is empty except for a scant amount of fluid. However, in the diseased state, this cavity can fill with air or fluids. Pneumonia - answer-Bacterial infection of the lungs Primary bronchi - answer-the two passageways that branch off the trachea and lead to the right and left lungs Pseutostratified Columnar - answer-cells that appear to be in layers. (typical respiratory epithelium)