Child Growth and Development CGDR DCF

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs - answer-1. the physical 2. comfort and safety 3. social 4. self-esteem 5. self-actualization. According to Piaget, children develop the ability to learn in ____ basic stages: Stages of Cognitive Development - answer-4 Age: Early Adult - answer-Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation Meaning: >Between the ages of 18 to 35, young adults are exploring the development of relationships. >Young adults need the opportunity to develop close relationships with family, friends, and partners. >A lack of intimate relationships can lead to individuals feeling isolated and alone. Age: Gradeschool *1st 4 stages - answer-Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority Meaning: >Between the ages of 6 to 12, children show the ability to develop competencies. Children who are inhibited in developing these skills and abilities will experience inferiority. >When children experience success, they attain a sense of adequacy and pride. >A lack of industry can result in a feeling of low self-worth. Age: High School - answer-Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion Meaning: >Between the ages of 12 to 18, children are attempting to define who they are and where they are going. >When children are given the opportunity to develop their own ideas and opinions, they can form their own identity. >A lack of identity will lead to confusion about who they are. Age: Infant - answer-Conflict: Trust v. Mistrust Meaning: >Trust is developed over time by providing an infant with a consistent, comforting environment. >When needs are met, trust is established. >Trust builds an emotional foundation. >A lack of trust can result in poor emotional stability. Age: Late Adult - answer-Conflict: Integrity vs. Despair Meaning: >After the age of 65, adults seek meaning in their lives. >Adults are reflecting on their accomplishments and fulfillment in life. >A lack of achievement may lead to despair in the final years. Age: Middle Adult - answer-Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation Meaning: >Between the ages of 35 to 64, adults are seeking a sense of accomplishment in life through family and career. >Adults need to see progress in their careers or success in their contributions to society. >A lack of accomplishment often leads to feelings of resentment and regret. Age: Preschool - answer-Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt Meaning: >Four- or five-year olds begin to develop an interest in exploring beyond themselves. >Children who are not allowed to pursue their natural curiosity will be prone to feel guilt for their actions. >When initiative is encouraged, a person experiments within one's environment. >A lack of encouragement for initiative can result in a feeling of guilt for acting on one's natural curiosity. Age: Toddler - answer-Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Meaning: >Toddlers need to explore their own bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves. >When autonomy is allowed, a person can become comfortable with his/her choices. >A lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or insecurity. Approaches to Learning - answer-The ____ Domain refers to a child's eagerness to learn. It includes curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving, and the ability to create and complete long-term projects. Cognitive Development and General Knowledge - answer-The ____ Domain refers to a child's intellectual or mental abilities. It involves exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving, and creative expression. It includes knowledge of mathematics, scientific thinking, awareness of social studies, and the arts. Concrete-Operational: 7-11 years old - answer-Children become more rational in their thinking. For example, realizing that Santa Claus probably doesn't exist. Development - answer-is uneven, as children do not progress in all skills at the same time; a child grows and learns as a whole, not in pieces. Skills such as sitting up, grasping, or walking are examples of increasing maturation. Development - answer-typically refers to an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated. Development usually involves a progression along a continuous pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge, behaviors, and skills. The sequence is basically the same for all children, however, the rate varies. developmental - answer-A ______ disability is a chronic condition that is diagnosed in childhood and substantially limits major life activities in adulthood. Differences in growth: - answer->Some children are taller, some shorter. Some children are smaller, while others are larger. >These differences are completely typical. Typical growth is supported by good nutrition, adequate sleep, and regular exercise. >Children do not grow at perfectly steady rates throughout childhood. >Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth, followed by growth spurts. >Differences in the amount of growth can be a source of self-consciousness for some children. *are typical Erik Erikson developed ___ psychosocial stages through which humans develop during their lifetimes. He assumes that humans are driven by, and are constantly trying to channel, powerful inner forces. - answer-8 Erikson's theory on emotional and personality development - answer-describes eight conflicts that must be resolved at stages throughout life. Fine - answer-motor skills involve the development of small muscles, such as those found in the fingers, lips, and toes. Fine motor skills include grasping, writing, and eating. Formal Operations: 11 years old and older - answer-The final stage of cognitive development, in which thinking becomes very abstract. Children think beyond the present and think about ideal situations. Gross - answer-motor skills involve the development of large muscles, such as those found in the arms and legs. Gross motor skills include running, throwing, jumping, and climbing. Growth - answer-refers to specific body changes and increases in the child's size, such as a child's height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index. These size changes can usually be easily measured. How can child care professionals use the information from Piaget's theory? - answer-Knowledge of the four stages helps you understand how babies and children may perceive their environment. It also helps you understand why children make thinking "mistakes." Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of children are two primary instructional techniques that are based on Piaget's theory. Adults should challenge children's abilities, but not present material that is too far beyond the children's level. Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete experiences—such as use of manipulatives, field trips, and working in groups—to help them learn. It is wise to keep in mind a child's stage of cognitive development when planning developmentally appropriate learning activities. How can child care professionals use the information from Vygotsky's theory? - answer-Caregivers can develop learning environments where children play an active role in their own education, as well as the education of their peers. The adult collaborates with children in order to create meaning in ways that children can make their own. The environment is set up so children can work together in collaborative groups in a community of learners. Likewise, the learning materials have to support and encourage interaction and collaboration among children. Scaffolding and reciprocal teaching are teaching strategies that access the Zone of Proximal Development, the area where Vygotsky says learning takes place. When using scaffolding, the adult provides children with the opportunity to extend their current skills and knowledge. Reciprocal teaching encourages a conversation between children and the adult. This conversation leads to children going beyond answering questions. It leads to the adult and children taking turns leading small group discussions. Reciprocal teaching is best understood as a dialogue between the child care professional and the child, in which participants take turns taking on the role of the teacher.