©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHMY 610 Exam 2 Material Questions With
Correct Answers
Tobacco mosaic virus - answer✔the first virus to be discovered (1892)
They used a special filter to filter out everything except the virus.
1898 - answer✔the year Beijerinck first called the tobacco mosaic virus a "virus"
virus - answer✔Latin for poison
false - answer✔true or false?
viruses are metabolically active outside a host cell.
metabolically inert - answer✔not able to replicate outside of a human cell
parasite - answer✔A virus is a _______ because it can't replicate outside of a host cell.
inert - answer✔viruses are metabolically ______ outside the host cell.
capsid - answer✔Outer protein coat of a virus
(bacteria have biofilm, viruses have this)
enveloped virus - answer✔a virus that has a membrane composed mostly of host material
surrounding the capsid is called a...
true - answer✔True or False:
Viruses can have DNA or RNA.
shape - answer✔Viruses were originally classified by ______.
body system - answer✔Today, viruses are classified by which ______ ________ they infect.
naked - answer✔viruses that don't have a capsid or envelope
1|Page
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11/16/2024 10:16 AM
spikes - answer✔attachment proteins on enveloped viruses.
These allow the viruses to hook onto human cells.
These can trigger the immune system.
segmented - answer✔______ viruses have more than one RNA molecule.
nonsegmented - answer✔Will DNA viruses be segmented or nonsegmented?
RNA - answer✔All segmented viruses must be ___ viruses.
isometric - answer✔Viral shape that looks like a circle
helical - answer✔Viral shape that looks a little more like a rod
pleomorphic - answer✔Viral shape that's pretzel shaped
small - answer✔viruses are so easy to spread because they're so ______.
ebola - answer✔One of the biggest viruses
attachment - answer✔Step 1 of host cell infection:
Virus uses spike proteins to grab onto host cell.
true - answer✔True or false:
A virus will both integrate into and degrade host DNA.
lysogeny - answer✔parasitic phase of viral replication; the virus fully integrates its genetic
material into the host genetic material, so it can undergo replication.
Followed by assembly and release phase.
budding - answer✔Another name for viral release phase; new virions are released.
virion - answer✔Product of infection: a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in
a host cell
lytic phase - answer✔the phase where the virus multiplies rapidly and causes the host cell to
burst. Kills the host cell within 1 generation.
lysogenic phase - answer✔the phase where the virus does not kill the host cell, but integrates
into DNA (prophage/*provirus*) or remains independent.
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
the virus still multiplies, but the host cell gets to live.
lytic - answer✔A virus can use the host cell for several lysogenic phases until bursting it in one
final ______ phase.
bacteriophage - answer✔the type of virus that infects bacteria
lytic - answer✔bacteriophages kill bacteria through the ____ phase.
antibiotics - answer✔bacteriophages are being researched as alternatives to __________.
true - answer✔True or False:
During the lysogenic phase, when bacteriophage viruses are inserting their genetic material into
the bacteria's genes, it could inadvertently create resistance mechanisms and strengthen the
bacteria.
lytic - answer✔In order to kill the bacteria, phages should mostly use the _____ phase.
14 - answer✔There are __ RNA virus families
7 - answer✔There are _ DNA virus families.
cultivated - answer✔viruses can be _________ in living animals, embryonated chicken eggs, or
cell/tissue culture (in vitro).
plaque-forming units (PFU) - answer✔each plaque corresponds to a single virus; what you
count in a plaque assay
electron microscope - answer✔you can count viruses using an _______ ________ and you can
get a density with that
ID50 - answer✔infective dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to
infect someone?
LD50 - answer✔lethal dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to kill
someone?
hemagglutination - answer✔a way of detecting viruses (like Adenovirus) because they
agglutinate to RBCs when added to culture
PCR - answer✔most commonly used clinical method of quantifying the amount of virus in the
body.
acute - answer✔infection of short duration; symptoms are caused by tissue damage (lytic)
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
naked - answer✔_______ viruses cause more lysis than enveloped viruses.
These are more likely to cause acute infections.
days to weeks - answer✔how long does it usually take to recover from an acute infection?
IgM - answer✔the antibody that means ACTIVE infection (early, acute)
IgG - answer✔the antibody that means you've had the infection before and you're protected
now.
persistent - answer✔viruses that are present in the body long-term
late complications of acute infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections.
Examples of this include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) years after measles
infection, or progressive panencephalitis years after rubella infection.
false - answer✔True or false:
Viral budding always results in host cell death.
cytopathic effect - answer✔effect of lytic phase; fewer virions can be made, and it results in less
number of virions being produced.
latent infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent viral infections:
Virus goes dormant, symptoms go away until triggered.
Examples: HSV 1 & 2, varicella
chronic infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections:
similar to latent infections, but it's always detectable. Examples: HBV, HCV
slow infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections:
slow progression of disease over many years, often progresses to a lethal disease
Example: HIV to AIDS, lentivirus
preclinical phase - answer✔Asymptomatic period of slow viral infections; patient may not be
aware of disease
However, possibly could be detected with screening test
4|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHMY 610 Exam 2 Material Questions With
Correct Answers
Tobacco mosaic virus - answer✔the first virus to be discovered (1892)
They used a special filter to filter out everything except the virus.
1898 - answer✔the year Beijerinck first called the tobacco mosaic virus a "virus"
virus - answer✔Latin for poison
false - answer✔true or false?
viruses are metabolically active outside a host cell.
metabolically inert - answer✔not able to replicate outside of a human cell
parasite - answer✔A virus is a _______ because it can't replicate outside of a host cell.
inert - answer✔viruses are metabolically ______ outside the host cell.
capsid - answer✔Outer protein coat of a virus
(bacteria have biofilm, viruses have this)
enveloped virus - answer✔a virus that has a membrane composed mostly of host material
surrounding the capsid is called a...
true - answer✔True or False:
Viruses can have DNA or RNA.
shape - answer✔Viruses were originally classified by ______.
body system - answer✔Today, viruses are classified by which ______ ________ they infect.
naked - answer✔viruses that don't have a capsid or envelope
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
spikes - answer✔attachment proteins on enveloped viruses.
These allow the viruses to hook onto human cells.
These can trigger the immune system.
segmented - answer✔______ viruses have more than one RNA molecule.
nonsegmented - answer✔Will DNA viruses be segmented or nonsegmented?
RNA - answer✔All segmented viruses must be ___ viruses.
isometric - answer✔Viral shape that looks like a circle
helical - answer✔Viral shape that looks a little more like a rod
pleomorphic - answer✔Viral shape that's pretzel shaped
small - answer✔viruses are so easy to spread because they're so ______.
ebola - answer✔One of the biggest viruses
attachment - answer✔Step 1 of host cell infection:
Virus uses spike proteins to grab onto host cell.
true - answer✔True or false:
A virus will both integrate into and degrade host DNA.
lysogeny - answer✔parasitic phase of viral replication; the virus fully integrates its genetic
material into the host genetic material, so it can undergo replication.
Followed by assembly and release phase.
budding - answer✔Another name for viral release phase; new virions are released.
virion - answer✔Product of infection: a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in
a host cell
lytic phase - answer✔the phase where the virus multiplies rapidly and causes the host cell to
burst. Kills the host cell within 1 generation.
lysogenic phase - answer✔the phase where the virus does not kill the host cell, but integrates
into DNA (prophage/*provirus*) or remains independent.
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
the virus still multiplies, but the host cell gets to live.
lytic - answer✔A virus can use the host cell for several lysogenic phases until bursting it in one
final ______ phase.
bacteriophage - answer✔the type of virus that infects bacteria
lytic - answer✔bacteriophages kill bacteria through the ____ phase.
antibiotics - answer✔bacteriophages are being researched as alternatives to __________.
true - answer✔True or False:
During the lysogenic phase, when bacteriophage viruses are inserting their genetic material into
the bacteria's genes, it could inadvertently create resistance mechanisms and strengthen the
bacteria.
lytic - answer✔In order to kill the bacteria, phages should mostly use the _____ phase.
14 - answer✔There are __ RNA virus families
7 - answer✔There are _ DNA virus families.
cultivated - answer✔viruses can be _________ in living animals, embryonated chicken eggs, or
cell/tissue culture (in vitro).
plaque-forming units (PFU) - answer✔each plaque corresponds to a single virus; what you
count in a plaque assay
electron microscope - answer✔you can count viruses using an _______ ________ and you can
get a density with that
ID50 - answer✔infective dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to
infect someone?
LD50 - answer✔lethal dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to kill
someone?
hemagglutination - answer✔a way of detecting viruses (like Adenovirus) because they
agglutinate to RBCs when added to culture
PCR - answer✔most commonly used clinical method of quantifying the amount of virus in the
body.
acute - answer✔infection of short duration; symptoms are caused by tissue damage (lytic)
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
naked - answer✔_______ viruses cause more lysis than enveloped viruses.
These are more likely to cause acute infections.
days to weeks - answer✔how long does it usually take to recover from an acute infection?
IgM - answer✔the antibody that means ACTIVE infection (early, acute)
IgG - answer✔the antibody that means you've had the infection before and you're protected
now.
persistent - answer✔viruses that are present in the body long-term
late complications of acute infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections.
Examples of this include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) years after measles
infection, or progressive panencephalitis years after rubella infection.
false - answer✔True or false:
Viral budding always results in host cell death.
cytopathic effect - answer✔effect of lytic phase; fewer virions can be made, and it results in less
number of virions being produced.
latent infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent viral infections:
Virus goes dormant, symptoms go away until triggered.
Examples: HSV 1 & 2, varicella
chronic infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections:
similar to latent infections, but it's always detectable. Examples: HBV, HCV
slow infections - answer✔Subcategory of persistent infections:
slow progression of disease over many years, often progresses to a lethal disease
Example: HIV to AIDS, lentivirus
preclinical phase - answer✔Asymptomatic period of slow viral infections; patient may not be
aware of disease
However, possibly could be detected with screening test
4|Page
