APK2100C - FINAL EXAM Study Guide

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11/16/2024 10:16 AM


APK2100C - FINAL EXAM Study Guide.


Atoms/Molecules (chemical level)
Organelles
Cells (cellular level)
Tissues (tissue level)
Organs (organ level)
Organ systems (organ system level)

Organisms (organismal level) - answer✔List the hierarchy of structural organization.

Anatomical position - answer✔What is a position where a person stands erect with feet flat on
the ground, toes pointing forward, eyes facing forward, and the palms face anteriorly with
thumbs pointing away from the body?

Axial region - answer✔What region consists of the head, trunk, and neck?

Trunk - answer✔What region is divided into thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis; also includes
the region around the anus and external genitals, called the perineum?

Appendicular region - answer✔What consists of the limbs, which are also called appendages or
extremities?

Superior (cranial) - answer✔What is toward the head or upper part of a structure or body;
above?

Inferior (caudal) - answer✔What is away from the head end or toward the lower part of a
structure or body; below?

Medial - answer✔What is toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of?

Lateral - answer✔What is away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of?




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Proximal - answer✔What is closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?

Distal - answer✔What is farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?

Ipsilateral - answer✔What is when something is on the same side of the body?

Contralateral - answer✔What is when something is on the opposite side of the body?

Anterior (ventral) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the front of the body; in
front of?

Posterior (dorsal) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the back of the body;
behind?

Superficial (external) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the body surface?

Deep (internal) - answer✔What is when something is away from the body surface; more
internal?

Frontal (coronal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts?

Transverse (horizontal) plane - answer✔What runs horizontally from left to right and divides
the body in superior and inferior parts?

Cross section - answer✔What is a transverse plane also called?

Median (sagittal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into left and
right parts?

Midsagittal plane - answer✔What is the specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline?

Parasagittal plane - answer✔What divides body into unequal right and left sides?

Oblique plane - answer✔What cuts along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal
and vertical?

Body cavity - answer✔What is a space that separates the internal organs, thereby protecting
and supporting them?
Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity - answer✔What are the two main body cavities?

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Dorsal Body Cavity - answer✔What includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral/spinal cavity?

Cranial cavity - answer✔What is made by cranial bones that contain and protect the brain?

Vertebral/spinal cavity - answer✔What is formed by the bones of the vertebral column that
contains and protects the spinal cord?

Ventral body cavity - answer✔What includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity,
which are separated by the diaphragm?
Ribs
Chest muscles
Sternum
Vertebral column

Diaphragm - answer✔What is the thoracic cavity made up of?

Mediastinum - answer✔What contains the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart?

Diaphragm - answer✔What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Liver
Kidney

Stomach - answer✔What is the abdominal cavity made up of?
Pelvis
Rectum

Reproductive organs - answer✔What is the pelvic cavity made up of?

Integumentary system - answer✔Which system forms the external body covering and protects
deeper tissues from injury; is composed primarily of skin but it includes hair and nails?

Skeletal system - answer✔Which system protects and supports body organs and provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement; is predominantly made up of bones?

Muscular system - answer✔Which system allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture and produces heat?

Nervous system - answer✔Which system is the fast-acting control system of the body, it
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?

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Endocrine system - answer✔Which system includes glands that secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?

Cardiovascular system - answer✔Which system circulates blood, which carries crucial nutrients
through the body?

Respiratory system - answer✔Which system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide?

Digestive system - answer✔Which system breaks down food into absorbable units that enter
the blood for distribution to body cells?

Urinary system - answer✔Which system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body,
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood?

Reproductive system - answer✔Which system's overall function is the production of offspring?

Cells - answer✔What are the smallest living units in the body?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm

Nucleus - answer✔What are the three major structural components of a cell?

Fluid Mosaic Model - answer✔What depicts the plasma membrane as a double layer, or bilayer,
of lipid molecules with protein molecules embedded within it?
Protection
Communication

Regulation - answer✔What are the three key functions of a cell's plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

Glycolipids - answer✔What are the three membrane lipids found in a cell membrane?

Phospholipid - answer✔What account for 75% of the membrane's lipids; are amphipathic (have
a hydrophilic and hydrophobic layer) and form a bilayer?

Cholesterol - answer✔What accounts for 20% of the membrane's lipids but is only found in the
plasma membrane of animal cells; are found near the hydrophobic tails and maintain the
structural integrity of the membrane?

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