NURS4121 Term Test #2 Study
Guide
what is a normal PO2 level - Answer 80-100
what controls our acid base balance - Answer Lungs, kidneys, and buffers
what is a normal pH value - Answer 7.35-7.45
what is a normal PCO2 value - Answer 35-45
what is a normal HCO3 value - Answer 21-28
Blood gas interpretation - Answer
Acidosis and potassium - Answer Patients experiencing acidosis are at an increased
risk for hyperkalemia
Alkalosis and potassium - Answer Patients experiencing alkalosis have an increased
risk for hypokalemia
High CO2 - Answer Acidic
Low CO2 - Answer Basic
High HCO3 - Answer Basic
Low HCO3 - Answer Acidic
respiratory acidosis. (High CO2 and low pH) - Answer A state of the body where there is
usually failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide.
causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer Airway obstruction, CNS depression, sleep
disorders, neuromuscular impairment, increased CO2 production, COPD, and
pneumonia
signs of respiratory acidosis - Answer Drowsy, dizzy, weakness, dyspnea, headache,
tachypnea, hyperkalemia
respiratory alkalosis (Low CO2 and high PH ) - Answer A condition where your body
doesnt have enough carbon dioxide, causing your pH blood level to rise. this is due to
breathing excessively. (Hyperventilating)
causes of respiratory alkalosis - Answer CNS stimulation, hypoxia, stimulation of chest
receptors, drugs/hormones, hyperventilation. (Anxiety, stress, fear, PE)
Signs of respiratory alkalosis - Answer Seizures, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting,
hypokalemia, tachycardia, numb extremities.
,metabolic acidosis (Low HCO3 and low pH) - Answer Occurs when acid builds up in the
body caused by an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in the systemic
circulation.
causes of metabolic acidosis - Answer HCO3 loss, increase in the H ion
production/ingestion, methanol intoxication, uremia, DKA, lactic acidosis
signs of metabolic acidosis - Answer Changes in LOC, kussmaul respirations,
hypotension, hyperkalemia, warm skin.
metabolic alkalosis (High HCO3 and high pH) - Answer occurs when digestive issues
dirupt the acid base balance. (Elevated bicarb)
causes of metabolic alkalosis - Answer GI loss of hydrogen ion or renal, vomiting,
diarrhea, burns.
signs of metabolic alkalosis - Answer Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors.
What are the functions of the liver - Answer Detoxification, metabolism, immune system,
cholesterol and bile production, storage of micronutrients, blood sugar balance (Stores
glycogen) and protein synthesis
What are some liver diagnostic tests - Answer Lab work includes:
CBC, PT, albumin
LFT's such as (AST, ALT, GTT, and bilirubin) All LFT's will be elevated during acute liver
failure because the liver is producing too many of these enzymes.
stool for occult
analysis of ascites
liver biopsy
viral hepatitis - Answer Inflammation of the liver
what are the 5 main strains of viral hepatitis - Answer A, B, C, D, E (They all differ in
modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical areas, and prevention methods)
TYPES B AND C LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASE
some strains are preventable by vaccine
Acute liver failure - Answer Rapid deterioration of liver function with no known history of
liver disease
How long does acute liver failure last - Answer 8-26 weeks.
Most common cause of acute liver failure - Answer Drugs, generally tylenol mixed with
alcohol
, It can also occur after hepatitis A infection or ingestion of certain mushrooms.
How does acute liver failure typically present itself - Answer Lab abnormalities,
coagulation abnormalities, and encephalopathy.
Acetylcysteine - Answer A medication used in tylenol overdose. Typically best to give 4
hours post ingestion
Liver cirrhosis - Answer Characterized by fibrosis. (Scar tissue) and conversion of
normal liver structure to abnormal nodules.
Eventually, irregular and disorganized regeneration, poor cellular nutrition, and hypoxia
caused by inadequate blood flow and scar tissue results in the decreased liver function.
causes of cirrhosis - Answer 1. Chronic ETOH use
2. NAFLD
3. Nutrition related
4. Environmental
5. Genetic predisposition
6. Biliary
7. Cardiac cirrhosis
chronic ETOH use - Answer Common characteristics is steatosis "Fatty liver disease".
(Steatosis is the deposit of fat into our liver cells which can progress to steatohepatitis,
which is a severe inflammatory liver injury. From this, it can lead to fibrosis)
NAFLD - Answer Non alcoholic associated fatty liver disease. Cryptogenic cirrhosis
could be resulted from NAFLD, which cryptogenic cirrhosis is impairment of the liver
due to unknown cause
nutrition related - Answer Malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition can impair the livers ability
to repair itself
environmental - Answer Exposure to toxins/chemicals
genetic predisposition - Answer Hematomachrosis. (Excessive iron in the blood, which
causes liver damage)
Biliary - Answer Biliary atresia (A blockage in the tubes "ducts" that carry bile from the
liver to the gallbladder)
What are the 2 clinical stages of cirrhosis - Answer 1. Compensated
2. Decompensated
Guide
what is a normal PO2 level - Answer 80-100
what controls our acid base balance - Answer Lungs, kidneys, and buffers
what is a normal pH value - Answer 7.35-7.45
what is a normal PCO2 value - Answer 35-45
what is a normal HCO3 value - Answer 21-28
Blood gas interpretation - Answer
Acidosis and potassium - Answer Patients experiencing acidosis are at an increased
risk for hyperkalemia
Alkalosis and potassium - Answer Patients experiencing alkalosis have an increased
risk for hypokalemia
High CO2 - Answer Acidic
Low CO2 - Answer Basic
High HCO3 - Answer Basic
Low HCO3 - Answer Acidic
respiratory acidosis. (High CO2 and low pH) - Answer A state of the body where there is
usually failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide.
causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer Airway obstruction, CNS depression, sleep
disorders, neuromuscular impairment, increased CO2 production, COPD, and
pneumonia
signs of respiratory acidosis - Answer Drowsy, dizzy, weakness, dyspnea, headache,
tachypnea, hyperkalemia
respiratory alkalosis (Low CO2 and high PH ) - Answer A condition where your body
doesnt have enough carbon dioxide, causing your pH blood level to rise. this is due to
breathing excessively. (Hyperventilating)
causes of respiratory alkalosis - Answer CNS stimulation, hypoxia, stimulation of chest
receptors, drugs/hormones, hyperventilation. (Anxiety, stress, fear, PE)
Signs of respiratory alkalosis - Answer Seizures, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting,
hypokalemia, tachycardia, numb extremities.
,metabolic acidosis (Low HCO3 and low pH) - Answer Occurs when acid builds up in the
body caused by an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in the systemic
circulation.
causes of metabolic acidosis - Answer HCO3 loss, increase in the H ion
production/ingestion, methanol intoxication, uremia, DKA, lactic acidosis
signs of metabolic acidosis - Answer Changes in LOC, kussmaul respirations,
hypotension, hyperkalemia, warm skin.
metabolic alkalosis (High HCO3 and high pH) - Answer occurs when digestive issues
dirupt the acid base balance. (Elevated bicarb)
causes of metabolic alkalosis - Answer GI loss of hydrogen ion or renal, vomiting,
diarrhea, burns.
signs of metabolic alkalosis - Answer Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors.
What are the functions of the liver - Answer Detoxification, metabolism, immune system,
cholesterol and bile production, storage of micronutrients, blood sugar balance (Stores
glycogen) and protein synthesis
What are some liver diagnostic tests - Answer Lab work includes:
CBC, PT, albumin
LFT's such as (AST, ALT, GTT, and bilirubin) All LFT's will be elevated during acute liver
failure because the liver is producing too many of these enzymes.
stool for occult
analysis of ascites
liver biopsy
viral hepatitis - Answer Inflammation of the liver
what are the 5 main strains of viral hepatitis - Answer A, B, C, D, E (They all differ in
modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical areas, and prevention methods)
TYPES B AND C LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASE
some strains are preventable by vaccine
Acute liver failure - Answer Rapid deterioration of liver function with no known history of
liver disease
How long does acute liver failure last - Answer 8-26 weeks.
Most common cause of acute liver failure - Answer Drugs, generally tylenol mixed with
alcohol
, It can also occur after hepatitis A infection or ingestion of certain mushrooms.
How does acute liver failure typically present itself - Answer Lab abnormalities,
coagulation abnormalities, and encephalopathy.
Acetylcysteine - Answer A medication used in tylenol overdose. Typically best to give 4
hours post ingestion
Liver cirrhosis - Answer Characterized by fibrosis. (Scar tissue) and conversion of
normal liver structure to abnormal nodules.
Eventually, irregular and disorganized regeneration, poor cellular nutrition, and hypoxia
caused by inadequate blood flow and scar tissue results in the decreased liver function.
causes of cirrhosis - Answer 1. Chronic ETOH use
2. NAFLD
3. Nutrition related
4. Environmental
5. Genetic predisposition
6. Biliary
7. Cardiac cirrhosis
chronic ETOH use - Answer Common characteristics is steatosis "Fatty liver disease".
(Steatosis is the deposit of fat into our liver cells which can progress to steatohepatitis,
which is a severe inflammatory liver injury. From this, it can lead to fibrosis)
NAFLD - Answer Non alcoholic associated fatty liver disease. Cryptogenic cirrhosis
could be resulted from NAFLD, which cryptogenic cirrhosis is impairment of the liver
due to unknown cause
nutrition related - Answer Malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition can impair the livers ability
to repair itself
environmental - Answer Exposure to toxins/chemicals
genetic predisposition - Answer Hematomachrosis. (Excessive iron in the blood, which
causes liver damage)
Biliary - Answer Biliary atresia (A blockage in the tubes "ducts" that carry bile from the
liver to the gallbladder)
What are the 2 clinical stages of cirrhosis - Answer 1. Compensated
2. Decompensated
