National 5 Biology Guide

National 5 Biology Guide What is a plasmid and why is it important to humans? ️️Plasmids are small rings of DNA found in a bacterial cells that humans can alter in a process called genetic engineering What is the cytoplasm? ️️A jelly-like structure in which chemical reactions take place What is different about the location of DNA in a bacterium compared to a plant cell? ️️In a bacterium cell the DNA is found within the chromosomal material in the cytoplasm In a plant cell the DNA is found in the nucleus What is the difference between a plant cell wall and a bacterial cell wall? ️️Plant cell wall is made of a carbohydrate called cellulose. Bacterial cell wall is made of another carbohydrate called peticloglycan What is a plasmid? ️️A structure found in a bacterium Why is difficult to tell whether euglena is a plant or an animal? ️️It has a flagellum (tail) which makes it more animal like and it has chloroplasts which make it more plant like. What are four different types of cell? ️️Plant, animal, fungi and bacterial Name a unicellular organism ️️fungus, bacterium such as yeast What is the detail of the organelles inside living cells known as? ️️ultrastructure What organelles are found in both plant and animal cells? ️️nucleus mitochondria ribosome cytoplasm cell membrane What does the nucleus contain and what does it do? ️️It contains genetic information and controls all of the cells activities What does the cell membrane control? ️️the entry and exit of materials from the cell What are mitochondria? ️️the site of aerobic respiration and are abundant in cells that require lots of energy Why is the vacuole important and what does it contain? ️️it maintains the shape of the cell and contains cell sap What does a chloroplast contain and what does it do? ️️it contains a green pigment called chlorophyll and it is the site of photosynthesis What are multicellular organisms made up of? ️️a large number of cells that work together What is a ribosome and where can they be found? ️️the site of protein synthesis and are found in the cytoplasm and attached on the end of tubular structures What is the cell wall made of and what does it do? ️️it is made of cellulose and it gives structure and support the cell What organelles are only found in plant cells? ️️chloroplast cell wall vacuole What does diffusion multicellular organisms allow? ️️the movement of molecules - oxygen from the lungs to the blood - oxygen and glucose into cells for respiration - allow waste products to be excreted What are the several functions of proteins in a cell membrane? ️️form channels receptor sites transport small molecules and ions enzymes Describe the direction of diffusion of substrates in a cell ️️Outside the cell Inside the cell Glucose high low CO2 low high Oxygen high low What are the two types of transport across the membrane? ️️passive transport active transport What does alcohol do to phospholipids? ️️dissolves it What do acids and high temperatures do to enzymes? ️️denature t