Dental Calculus Exam Questions with Verified Solutions (Graded A+)

Dental Calculus Exam Questions with Verified Solutions (Graded A+) calculus: - Answers mineralized (calcified) dental biofilm; can form in the absence of bacteria. -is a local risk factor for periodontal disease. hard tenacious deposit that adheres firmly to the: - Answers tooth and any man-made material mineralization of biofilm begins within: - Answers 24-48 hours of its formation formation time/rate averages: - Answers 12 days factors that effect formation time: - Answers -varies from individual to individual -varies with ability of individual to remove plaque -individual saliva contents vary -number of retentive sites (nooks and crannies) calculus contributes to the accumulation of dental biofilm by having: - Answers a rough, porous surface layer (harbors biofilm) composition of calculus: - Answers inorganic and organic components and water. inorganic: - Answers 70-90% -primary component: calcium phosphate (similar to bone) -other elements: magnesium, bromine, sodium, potassium and carbonate -trace elements: fluoride, chlorine, zinc, strontium, copper, maganese, tungsten, gold, aluminum, silicon and iron. -fluoride concentration: varies due to drinking water, topical applications -2/3 of inorganic contents is crystalline structure: apatite (snowflake like) -hydroxyapatite: predominate crystalline structure; is similar to bone and same crystal present in enamel, dentin, cementum and bone crystalline forms of dental calculus: - Answers inorganic component changes as calculus ages -hydroxyapatite: 58%; calculus usually older than 6 months -octacalcium phosphate: 21% -magnesium whitlockite: 21%; usually less than 6 months old -brushite: 9%; usually newly formed calculus organic: - Answers 10-30% -nonvital (dead) filamentous microorganisms, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, mucin from saliva, carbohydrates, lipids, mixture of protein polysaccharides supragingival: - Answers supramarginal, coronal, salivary -description: accumulation above the gingival margin and tightly adherent to the tooth; forms in layers (out and horizontally) -minerals come from saliva primary locations for formation of supragingival calculus: - Answers -whartons ducts: lingual surfaces of lower anterior teeth. -stensons ducts: buccal surfaces of maxillary molar -malaligned teeth -nonfunctioning teeth -teeth difficult to access: lingual posteriors in mandible and facials or maxilla detection of supra gingival calculus: - Answers direct/indirect vision compressed air explorer and probe disclosant color of supragingival calculus: - Answers chalky, white/yellow stained from smoking, coffee, tea, extrinsic stains shape, consistency and modes of attachment of supragingival calculus: - Answers shape: irregular; determined by shape of teeth and cot ours of the gingiva consistency: changes and becomes harder with age; hard to moderately hard; 30% mineralized; porous modes of attachment: superficial attachment on acquired pellicle and enamel subgingival calculus: - Answers submarginal, serumal description: dense and hard, tenacious and black, apical to marginal gingiva -minerals come from gingival crevicular fluid and inflammatory exudates composition of subgingival calculus: - Answers higher ratios of calcium and phosphate, magnesium, fluoride and increase in sodium than in supra gingival calculus distribution of subgingival calculus: - Answers localized or generalized occurrence with or without supra gingival calculus heaviest: on proximal surfaces then lingual lightest: facial surfaces detection of subgingival calculus: - Answers tactile sensation with explorer -transillumination: dark coloration seen through tissues lack of close adaptation of gingiva air: dry surface, chalky appearance radiographically: large deposits inter proximally may be seen, but only about 45% of surfaces with clinically visible calculus are detected radiographically