Pa
thol
ogyEx
am 3
Bl
ood
Func
ti
ons
:
● Tr
ansport
:Oxygen,Gl
ucos
e,Nutr
ient
s,Hor
mones
● Def
ense:car
rie
sWBC/I G
● Homeosta
sis
:corehea
t,mai
nta
insBP,fluidl
eve
ls,c
arboni
cac
idbuffe
r
Pl
asma
:(55% ofwhol ebl
ood)
● Al bumin:fr
omt hel
ive
r/dr
ug
s
ynthesi
s
● Gl obul
in:ant
ibodi
es
● Fibrino
g en
:formati
onofbl
oodc
lot
s
Fo
rme
dEleme nt
s:(45% ofwhol
eblood)
● Er
ythrocyt
es/Redbloodcel
ls(RBC)
o 9 9% offormedel
eme n
ts
● Pl
atel
ets
o Le ssthan1% off
ormed
el
eme nt
s
● Leukocyt
es/Whitebl
oodcel
ls(WBC)
o Le ssthan1% off
ormed
el
eme nt
s
Er
ythr
ocy
tes
/Re
dbl
oodc
ell
s(RBC)
:
Er
ythr
opoi
et
in:
Er
ythr
ocyte
s: Relea
sedb ykid
neys
● Biconcave,fle xi
bledi
s c
s
● Non-nuc l
eate
d
inrespons
etoh ypoxi
a
● Containshemo g
lobi
n( i
ronandgl
obinpr
ote
in) Incr
easeinRBCb y
● Lifes
pa nis120daysbrokendown
/re
cycl
edint
hel
iv
er bonema rrow
*Hypoxi
a:l
ackofo
xyg
en
He
mogl
obi
n: tot
is
sue
s
● 4gl
obi
nsubuni
t:al
pha1&2,bet
a1& 2
o Eachs u
buni
thasf
err
ousi
rona
ll
owi
ngf
oro
xyg
ent
oat
tac
h
Oxyhe
moglobi
n De
oxyhe
mogl
obi
n
● Oxygenri
chi
nart
eri
als Oxygenr
educt
ionRBCfoundi
nve
nous
● Tr
anspor
tsox
yge
n spa
ces
Tra
nspor
tsCo2int
ode
xoyhem
RBCsar
eme
asur
edbyhe
moc
rit(
HCT)/
hemo
globi
n(Hgb)l
eve
ls
I
ncr
ease
dHCT: De
cre
asedHCT:
Deh
ydrat
ion
/exc
essRBC Bloodlos
s,a
nemia,bl
ood
I
ncr
easedvi
scos
ity di
lut
ion
*
Incr
easevi
scos
it
y=i ncr
ease
dca
rdi
ac De c
rea
sedvi
scos
it
y
,Bl
oodCondi ti
onsdete
r mi
neaffini t
yofmol
ecul
estoHemogl
obi
n
Ac
idos
is:Favor
sO2re
lea
sean
dCO2bi
ndi
ngt
ohe
megr
oup(
Ven
ous
)
De
oxyhe
mogl
obi
nmol
ecul
e(wi
thoutO2
)
Al
kal
osi
s:Fa
vorsCO2rel
eas
eandO2bindi
ngt
ohemeg
roup(Ar
ter
ial
)
Oxyhemog
lobi
nmo l
ecul
e(wi
thO2i
nhe
megroup)
Le
ukoc
yte
s/Whi
tebl
oodc
ell
s(WBC)
:
Gr
anul
ocy
tes
:w/gr
anul
es
● Ne
utr
ophil
s
o Mo s
tabundant
st
o 1 re
spondertodamag
e
o Imma tur
ereferr
edasbands
/st
abs
▪ Ne
utr
ophi
li
a:“Ne ut
rophi
llove”
● LeftShi
ft:Inc
reasedneutr
ophil
s,l
essl
ymphoc
yte
s
● Incr
ease
di ndi
c a
tedbact
e r
iali
nfe
cti
on
▪ Ne
utr
open
ia:
● Decreas
edne utr
ophil
s,(>1000)
● Eos
inophi
ls Basophi
ls
o I ncre
ased=a l
le
rgi
cresp
onse Migr
ateti
ssuest
obeco
me“ Mast
o Re lease
shis
tamine Cel
ls”
o I nvol
vedintheact
iva
ti
onofIgE Ri
chinhist
a min
e/h
epar
inl
ead
ing
t
ov a
sodil
at
ion
Ag
ran
ulo
cyt
es:w/
outgr
anul
es
● Mo
nocyt
es
o Migra
teti
ssuet
obeco
memacrophage
s Lympho c
ytes
o ActsasAnt
igen
-Pr
ese
nti
ngc
ell(APC) - T/Bc el
ls
- Activa
tedbyma crophage
s
-I ncre
aseindic
atedvira
l/
funga
l
inf
ecti
on
Le
ft/
RightShi
ftSc
ale
s
- Rightshi
ft:Mo r
elympho c
yte
s,l
ess
neutr
ophils
, Pl
ate
let
s:
Pl
at
el
et
sa r
ee s
sent
iali
nclott
ing
o The sear
enotcell
s,however
,no
n-nucl
eat
edfr
agmen
tsf
roml
arg
eme
gak
ary
obl
ast
sin
b
onema rrow
o The yatt
achtodamagedtis
sueandfo
rma“ p
lug”
Co
agul
ati
onCa
sca
de
, Vasoconstriction
Inhibits blood flow to allow for formation of platelet plug
Damaged
tissue
Thrombocytes adhere to tissue under the damage
Thrombocytes activate prothrombin and fibringen
Prothrombin to Thrombin acts as "TAR" forming the plug
Fibrogen to Fibrin acts as netting
Thrombocytes
Once combined w/ RBC and platelets the clot is officially formed
Platelets acts as shingles on a roof, that adhere together
RBC acts as a pillow and cushion the clot which makes the clot heavy
Combinded w
RBC/Platelets
Co
agul
ati
onf
act
ors
:Fol
lowi
ngc
ellda
mag
e
o Anti-
Thro mbo t
icFac tors
o Pr eventinappropri
atecl
otf
ormat
ion
o Antit
hrombi n(ATI II
)
o Bl ocksTh ombi naffe ct
s
o Prot
einC
o Pla t
ele
ta ggregati
on
o Cl ott
ingc asca
de
o Do wnr e
gulateswithchemoki
nes
o Pr
ostagl
andins:
o Inhibit
spl atel
etaggreg
ati
on
o Hepari
n:Preventsthrombin/fibrino
genact
iva
ti
on
Classic Hemophilia is factor 8
Von Willebrand factor bound factor 8
thol
ogyEx
am 3
Bl
ood
Func
ti
ons
:
● Tr
ansport
:Oxygen,Gl
ucos
e,Nutr
ient
s,Hor
mones
● Def
ense:car
rie
sWBC/I G
● Homeosta
sis
:corehea
t,mai
nta
insBP,fluidl
eve
ls,c
arboni
cac
idbuffe
r
Pl
asma
:(55% ofwhol ebl
ood)
● Al bumin:fr
omt hel
ive
r/dr
ug
s
ynthesi
s
● Gl obul
in:ant
ibodi
es
● Fibrino
g en
:formati
onofbl
oodc
lot
s
Fo
rme
dEleme nt
s:(45% ofwhol
eblood)
● Er
ythrocyt
es/Redbloodcel
ls(RBC)
o 9 9% offormedel
eme n
ts
● Pl
atel
ets
o Le ssthan1% off
ormed
el
eme nt
s
● Leukocyt
es/Whitebl
oodcel
ls(WBC)
o Le ssthan1% off
ormed
el
eme nt
s
Er
ythr
ocy
tes
/Re
dbl
oodc
ell
s(RBC)
:
Er
ythr
opoi
et
in:
Er
ythr
ocyte
s: Relea
sedb ykid
neys
● Biconcave,fle xi
bledi
s c
s
● Non-nuc l
eate
d
inrespons
etoh ypoxi
a
● Containshemo g
lobi
n( i
ronandgl
obinpr
ote
in) Incr
easeinRBCb y
● Lifes
pa nis120daysbrokendown
/re
cycl
edint
hel
iv
er bonema rrow
*Hypoxi
a:l
ackofo
xyg
en
He
mogl
obi
n: tot
is
sue
s
● 4gl
obi
nsubuni
t:al
pha1&2,bet
a1& 2
o Eachs u
buni
thasf
err
ousi
rona
ll
owi
ngf
oro
xyg
ent
oat
tac
h
Oxyhe
moglobi
n De
oxyhe
mogl
obi
n
● Oxygenri
chi
nart
eri
als Oxygenr
educt
ionRBCfoundi
nve
nous
● Tr
anspor
tsox
yge
n spa
ces
Tra
nspor
tsCo2int
ode
xoyhem
RBCsar
eme
asur
edbyhe
moc
rit(
HCT)/
hemo
globi
n(Hgb)l
eve
ls
I
ncr
ease
dHCT: De
cre
asedHCT:
Deh
ydrat
ion
/exc
essRBC Bloodlos
s,a
nemia,bl
ood
I
ncr
easedvi
scos
ity di
lut
ion
*
Incr
easevi
scos
it
y=i ncr
ease
dca
rdi
ac De c
rea
sedvi
scos
it
y
,Bl
oodCondi ti
onsdete
r mi
neaffini t
yofmol
ecul
estoHemogl
obi
n
Ac
idos
is:Favor
sO2re
lea
sean
dCO2bi
ndi
ngt
ohe
megr
oup(
Ven
ous
)
De
oxyhe
mogl
obi
nmol
ecul
e(wi
thoutO2
)
Al
kal
osi
s:Fa
vorsCO2rel
eas
eandO2bindi
ngt
ohemeg
roup(Ar
ter
ial
)
Oxyhemog
lobi
nmo l
ecul
e(wi
thO2i
nhe
megroup)
Le
ukoc
yte
s/Whi
tebl
oodc
ell
s(WBC)
:
Gr
anul
ocy
tes
:w/gr
anul
es
● Ne
utr
ophil
s
o Mo s
tabundant
st
o 1 re
spondertodamag
e
o Imma tur
ereferr
edasbands
/st
abs
▪ Ne
utr
ophi
li
a:“Ne ut
rophi
llove”
● LeftShi
ft:Inc
reasedneutr
ophil
s,l
essl
ymphoc
yte
s
● Incr
ease
di ndi
c a
tedbact
e r
iali
nfe
cti
on
▪ Ne
utr
open
ia:
● Decreas
edne utr
ophil
s,(>1000)
● Eos
inophi
ls Basophi
ls
o I ncre
ased=a l
le
rgi
cresp
onse Migr
ateti
ssuest
obeco
me“ Mast
o Re lease
shis
tamine Cel
ls”
o I nvol
vedintheact
iva
ti
onofIgE Ri
chinhist
a min
e/h
epar
inl
ead
ing
t
ov a
sodil
at
ion
Ag
ran
ulo
cyt
es:w/
outgr
anul
es
● Mo
nocyt
es
o Migra
teti
ssuet
obeco
memacrophage
s Lympho c
ytes
o ActsasAnt
igen
-Pr
ese
nti
ngc
ell(APC) - T/Bc el
ls
- Activa
tedbyma crophage
s
-I ncre
aseindic
atedvira
l/
funga
l
inf
ecti
on
Le
ft/
RightShi
ftSc
ale
s
- Rightshi
ft:Mo r
elympho c
yte
s,l
ess
neutr
ophils
, Pl
ate
let
s:
Pl
at
el
et
sa r
ee s
sent
iali
nclott
ing
o The sear
enotcell
s,however
,no
n-nucl
eat
edfr
agmen
tsf
roml
arg
eme
gak
ary
obl
ast
sin
b
onema rrow
o The yatt
achtodamagedtis
sueandfo
rma“ p
lug”
Co
agul
ati
onCa
sca
de
, Vasoconstriction
Inhibits blood flow to allow for formation of platelet plug
Damaged
tissue
Thrombocytes adhere to tissue under the damage
Thrombocytes activate prothrombin and fibringen
Prothrombin to Thrombin acts as "TAR" forming the plug
Fibrogen to Fibrin acts as netting
Thrombocytes
Once combined w/ RBC and platelets the clot is officially formed
Platelets acts as shingles on a roof, that adhere together
RBC acts as a pillow and cushion the clot which makes the clot heavy
Combinded w
RBC/Platelets
Co
agul
ati
onf
act
ors
:Fol
lowi
ngc
ellda
mag
e
o Anti-
Thro mbo t
icFac tors
o Pr eventinappropri
atecl
otf
ormat
ion
o Antit
hrombi n(ATI II
)
o Bl ocksTh ombi naffe ct
s
o Prot
einC
o Pla t
ele
ta ggregati
on
o Cl ott
ingc asca
de
o Do wnr e
gulateswithchemoki
nes
o Pr
ostagl
andins:
o Inhibit
spl atel
etaggreg
ati
on
o Hepari
n:Preventsthrombin/fibrino
genact
iva
ti
on
Classic Hemophilia is factor 8
Von Willebrand factor bound factor 8
