PC 705 Module 2: Infectious Diseases

Diagnosis of malaria is typically confirmed with - answermicroscopic identification _______________is a documented presence of an organism with no evidence of inflammation. Limited bacterial growth, no signs or symptoms - answerColonization ______________ is the documented presence of an organism where pathogen numbers increase and tissues are invaded. Signs and symptoms are present - answerInfection What determines the likelihood and severity of infection - answerHost susceptibility and pathogen virulence factors Disease-causing microorganism such as bacteria is known as a - answerProkaryote Disease-causing microorganisms such as fungi and protozoa are known as - answerSingle celled eukaryotes Disease-causing microorganism such as parasites are examples of - answermulticellular organisms Examples of disease-causing microorganism such as non-living particles are - answerViruses and prions Examples of pathogen virulence factors (6 examples) - answer-the ability to evade immune detection/phagocytosis by forming a protective capsule or entry into cells -the ability to adapt and resist break down by lysomal enzymes -Secretion of exotoxins -Rupture and release of endotoxins -Expression of super antigens -ability to adhere to and migrate along membranes Examples of meds that can lead to immunosuppression - answerChemotherapy drugs (neutropenia), Steroids ( general immunosuppression) Endotoxins are only found in what kind of bacteria? - answergram negative When being treated with abx for a gram negative bacterial process the patient may feel worse initially due to - answerthe release of endotoxins when the gram neg bacteria is lysed. This further stimulates WBC cytokine secretion and sickness associated S&S. A membrane-like envelope is only seen in features of a ________ - answerVirus _____________ is a lipid component of fungal cells that is not found in human cells - answerErgosterol Anti fungal drugs typically target __________ - answerErgosterol Fungal and yeast infections are more commonly seen in what kinds of patients? - answerImmunocompromised Examples of Protozoa disease with high prevalence - answer• Amebiasis • Giardiasis • Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) • Malaria (Plasmodium species) _____________ is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis - answerStreptococcus pyogenes Untreated streptococcus pyogenes can lead to - answer• Rheumatic heart disease • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis • Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistance strains) are identified/diagnosed by - answergram stain, culture, nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistance strains) can also lead to - answerendocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis Wrestlers and other high contact sports are at an increased risk of - answerStaphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistance strains) skin infections In presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis some host responses reduce risk of infection, examples of this include : - answerlung protective mechanisms, masks, mucociliary clearance, cough ____________ has a thick lipid wall that resists detection. - answerMycobacterium Tuberculosis Describe the pathogenesis for chlamydia trachomatous - answerStarts with elementary bodies. Then grows into Reticulate bodies that reproduce. They make more elementary bodies in the process. (As an elementary body, It's small and transmits the infection. It's able to adhere to the inner cells of the GI, the GU tract. When it becomes a reticulate body and grows up, it is larger. It's an active form that acquires nutrients and replicates in the whole cell. It makes new elementary bodies so that those elementary bodies can transmit the infection, adhere to and enter cells of the GU tract, and continue the process. Then elementary bodies released by exocytosis or wholesale rupture infected adjacent cells. When these elementary bodies grow up, they become reticulate bodies.) What is the role of the elementary form of chlamydia trachomatous? - answersmall, transmits the infection, able to adhere to and enter cells of the genitourinary tracts What is the role of the Reticulate form of chlamydia trachomatous? - answerlarger, active form that acquires nutrients and replicates in host cells, forming more elementary bodies. The elementary bodies released by exocytosis or host cell rupture infect adjacent cells Neisseria gonorrhoeae is identified by which clinical test? - answerNAAT How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae present in patients? - answer• In males—intense urethritis • In women—asymptomatic cervicitis, ascent to Fallopian tubes can cause PID What common sexually transmitted infection, can cause PID in women, and is often a co-infection with chlamydia - answerNeisseria gonorrhoeae Likelihood of Clostridioides difficile infection is increased by - answer• Treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill normal flora, proton pump inhibitors • Healthcare exposure/hospitalization • Older age Clostridioides difficile is identified by what clinical test - answerculture or detection of Toxin A (TcdA) or Toxin B (TcdB) Clostridioides difficile manifestations result from _________ exotoxins - answerBacterial. Anaerobic, gram positive rod Borrelia burgdorferi is identified by what clinical tests? - answerIdentification depends on enzyme immunoassay, followed up by Westernblot if indicated. ______________ is caused by a spirochete that can live in ticks, mice, deer, and humans. - answerBorrelia burgdorferi How is Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted? - answerticks How is Borrelia burgdorferi treated? - answerPrompt antibacterial treatment usually provides complete pathogen eradication Once a human is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, bacteria can migrate to - answerjoints, heart, and brain What is required to ensure immunization is efficient - answer• Must be decided before season starts • Varying match with actual annual strains • Genes for viral proteins mutate rapidly, changing antigenic targets In patients with influenza , ____________ contribute to manifestations of fever, malaise, myalgias, arthralgias - answerHost immune defenses In patients with influenza ,______________ and ______________ contributes to cough and other symptoms - answerHost cell death and sloughing from airways Enveloped RNA virus, variable hemagglutinin/neuraminidase composition (H/N system) best describes what infectious disease? - answerInfluenza Virus What is the pathogenesis of HIV? - answer• RNA-based virus • Reverse transcriptase enzyme converts to single-strand, then double-strand DNA • Integrase inserts into host cell genome In __________ we see a reverse transcriptase enzyme that converts to single strand. Then double strand RNA integrase inserts into the host cell - answerHIV/ Retrovirus In patients with ___________, infection begins in liver, then shifts to red blood cells. - answerMalaria How is Malaria identified? - answermicroscopy for red blood cell inclusions, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for parasite DNA, immune-based rapid detection test, host antibodies When traveling to high-risk area for parasites prophylaxis is given for what infectious disease? -