PHMY 610 Exam 2 Material Questions
And Correct Answers
tobacco mosaic virus - Answer the first virus to be discovered (1892)
They used a special filter to filter out everything except the virus.
1898 - Answer the year Beijerinck first called the tobacco mosaic virus a "virus"
virus - Answer Latin for poison
false - Answer true or false?
viruses are metabolically active outside a host cell.
metabolically inert - Answer not able to replicate outside of a human cell
parasite - Answer A virus is a _______ because it can't replicate outside of a host cell.
inert - Answer viruses are metabolically ______ outside the host cell.
capsid - Answer Outer protein coat of a virus
(bacteria have biofilm, viruses have this)
enveloped virus - Answer a virus that has a membrane composed mostly of host
material surrounding the capsid is called a...
true - Answer True or False:
Viruses can have DNA or RNA.
shape - Answer Viruses were originally classified by ______.
body system - Answer Today, viruses are classified by which ______ ________ they infect.
naked - Answer viruses that don't have a capsid or envelope
spikes - Answer attachment proteins on enveloped viruses.
These allow the viruses to hook onto human cells.
These can trigger the immune system.
segmented - Answer ______ viruses have more than one RNA molecule.
nonsegmented - Answer Will DNA viruses be segmented or nonsegmented?
RNA - Answer All segmented viruses must be ___ viruses.
,isometric - Answer Viral shape that looks like a circle
helical - Answer Viral shape that looks a little more like a rod
pleomorphic - Answer Viral shape that's pretzel shaped
small - Answer viruses are so easy to spread because they're so ______.
ebola - Answer One of the biggest viruses
attachment - Answer Step 1 of host cell infection:
Virus uses spike proteins to grab onto host cell.
true - Answer True or false:
A virus will both integrate into and degrade host DNA.
lysogeny - Answer parasitic phase of viral replication; the virus fully integrates its
genetic material into the host genetic material, so it can undergo replication.
Followed by assembly and release phase.
budding - Answer Another name for viral release phase; new virions are released.
virion - Answer Product of infection: a fully formed virus that is able to establish an
infection in a host cell
lytic phase - Answer the phase where the virus multiplies rapidly and causes the host
cell to burst. Kills the host cell within 1 generation.
lysogenic phase - Answer the phase where the virus does not kill the host cell, but
integrates into DNA (prophage/*provirus*) or remains independent.
the virus still multiplies, but the host cell gets to live.
lytic - Answer A virus can use the host cell for several lysogenic phases until bursting it
in one final ______ phase.
bacteriophage - Answer the type of virus that infects bacteria
lytic - Answer bacteriophages kill bacteria through the ____ phase.
antibiotics - Answer bacteriophages are being researched as alternatives to __________.
true - Answer True or False:
During the lysogenic phase, when bacteriophage viruses are inserting their genetic
material into the bacteria's genes, it could inadvertently create resistance mechanisms
and strengthen the bacteria.
lytic - Answer In order to kill the bacteria, phages should mostly use the _____ phase.
,14 - Answer There are __ RNA virus families
7 - Answer There are _ DNA virus families.
cultivated - Answer viruses can be _________ in living animals, embryonated chicken
eggs, or cell/tissue culture (in vitro).
plaque-forming units (PFU) - Answer each plaque corresponds to a single virus; what
you count in a plaque assay
electron microscope - Answer you can count viruses using an _______ ________ and you
can get a density with that
ID50 - Answer infective dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need
to infect someone?
LD50 - Answer lethal dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to
kill someone?
hemagglutination - Answer a way of detecting viruses (like Adenovirus) because they
agglutinate to RBCs when added to culture
PCR - Answer most commonly used clinical method of quantifying the amount of virus in
the body.
acute - Answer infection of short duration; symptoms are caused by tissue damage
(lytic)
naked - Answer _______ viruses cause more lysis than enveloped viruses.
These are more likely to cause acute infections.
days to weeks - Answer how long does it usually take to recover from an acute
infection?
IgM - Answer the antibody that means ACTIVE infection (early, acute)
IgG - Answer the antibody that means you've had the infection before and you're
protected now.
persistent - Answer viruses that are present in the body long-term
late complications of acute infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections.
Examples of this include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) years after
measles infection, or progressive panencephalitis years after rubella infection.
false - Answer True or false:
Viral budding always results in host cell death.
, cytopathic effect - Answer effect of lytic phase; fewer virions can be made, and it results
in less number of virions being produced.
latent infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent viral infections:
Virus goes dormant, symptoms go away until triggered.
Examples: HSV 1 & 2, varicella
chronic infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections:
similar to latent infections, but it's always detectable. Examples: HBV, HCV
slow infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections:
slow progression of disease over many years, often progresses to a lethal disease
Example: HIV to AIDS, lentivirus
preclinical phase - Answer Asymptomatic period of slow viral infections; patient may not
be aware of disease
However, possibly could be detected with screening test
genetic reassortment - Answer When a cell is infected by two different types of viruses
and the viruses exchange genetic information (usually with RNA viruses)
HHV-1 - Answer Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
herpesviridae - Answer herpes family name
herpesvirus - Answer herpes genus name
HSV 1, HSV 2 - Answer herpes species
1 - Answer Oral herpes is most commonly associated with human herpesvirus _.
2 - Answer Genital herpes is most commonly associated with human herpesvirus _.
non-segmented - Answer Are herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 segmented or
non-segmented?
true - Answer True or false:
Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 are enveloped.
(memory trick: you get herpes by mucous membrane contact, and you lick envelopes...)
helical - Answer Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 are ______ in shape.
dsDNA - Answer What form is the genetic material for herpes simplex virus 1 & 2?
linear - Answer While the overall shape of human herpes virus 1 & 2 is helical, the
And Correct Answers
tobacco mosaic virus - Answer the first virus to be discovered (1892)
They used a special filter to filter out everything except the virus.
1898 - Answer the year Beijerinck first called the tobacco mosaic virus a "virus"
virus - Answer Latin for poison
false - Answer true or false?
viruses are metabolically active outside a host cell.
metabolically inert - Answer not able to replicate outside of a human cell
parasite - Answer A virus is a _______ because it can't replicate outside of a host cell.
inert - Answer viruses are metabolically ______ outside the host cell.
capsid - Answer Outer protein coat of a virus
(bacteria have biofilm, viruses have this)
enveloped virus - Answer a virus that has a membrane composed mostly of host
material surrounding the capsid is called a...
true - Answer True or False:
Viruses can have DNA or RNA.
shape - Answer Viruses were originally classified by ______.
body system - Answer Today, viruses are classified by which ______ ________ they infect.
naked - Answer viruses that don't have a capsid or envelope
spikes - Answer attachment proteins on enveloped viruses.
These allow the viruses to hook onto human cells.
These can trigger the immune system.
segmented - Answer ______ viruses have more than one RNA molecule.
nonsegmented - Answer Will DNA viruses be segmented or nonsegmented?
RNA - Answer All segmented viruses must be ___ viruses.
,isometric - Answer Viral shape that looks like a circle
helical - Answer Viral shape that looks a little more like a rod
pleomorphic - Answer Viral shape that's pretzel shaped
small - Answer viruses are so easy to spread because they're so ______.
ebola - Answer One of the biggest viruses
attachment - Answer Step 1 of host cell infection:
Virus uses spike proteins to grab onto host cell.
true - Answer True or false:
A virus will both integrate into and degrade host DNA.
lysogeny - Answer parasitic phase of viral replication; the virus fully integrates its
genetic material into the host genetic material, so it can undergo replication.
Followed by assembly and release phase.
budding - Answer Another name for viral release phase; new virions are released.
virion - Answer Product of infection: a fully formed virus that is able to establish an
infection in a host cell
lytic phase - Answer the phase where the virus multiplies rapidly and causes the host
cell to burst. Kills the host cell within 1 generation.
lysogenic phase - Answer the phase where the virus does not kill the host cell, but
integrates into DNA (prophage/*provirus*) or remains independent.
the virus still multiplies, but the host cell gets to live.
lytic - Answer A virus can use the host cell for several lysogenic phases until bursting it
in one final ______ phase.
bacteriophage - Answer the type of virus that infects bacteria
lytic - Answer bacteriophages kill bacteria through the ____ phase.
antibiotics - Answer bacteriophages are being researched as alternatives to __________.
true - Answer True or False:
During the lysogenic phase, when bacteriophage viruses are inserting their genetic
material into the bacteria's genes, it could inadvertently create resistance mechanisms
and strengthen the bacteria.
lytic - Answer In order to kill the bacteria, phages should mostly use the _____ phase.
,14 - Answer There are __ RNA virus families
7 - Answer There are _ DNA virus families.
cultivated - Answer viruses can be _________ in living animals, embryonated chicken
eggs, or cell/tissue culture (in vitro).
plaque-forming units (PFU) - Answer each plaque corresponds to a single virus; what
you count in a plaque assay
electron microscope - Answer you can count viruses using an _______ ________ and you
can get a density with that
ID50 - Answer infective dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need
to infect someone?
LD50 - Answer lethal dose for 50% of the population; how much virus would you need to
kill someone?
hemagglutination - Answer a way of detecting viruses (like Adenovirus) because they
agglutinate to RBCs when added to culture
PCR - Answer most commonly used clinical method of quantifying the amount of virus in
the body.
acute - Answer infection of short duration; symptoms are caused by tissue damage
(lytic)
naked - Answer _______ viruses cause more lysis than enveloped viruses.
These are more likely to cause acute infections.
days to weeks - Answer how long does it usually take to recover from an acute
infection?
IgM - Answer the antibody that means ACTIVE infection (early, acute)
IgG - Answer the antibody that means you've had the infection before and you're
protected now.
persistent - Answer viruses that are present in the body long-term
late complications of acute infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections.
Examples of this include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) years after
measles infection, or progressive panencephalitis years after rubella infection.
false - Answer True or false:
Viral budding always results in host cell death.
, cytopathic effect - Answer effect of lytic phase; fewer virions can be made, and it results
in less number of virions being produced.
latent infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent viral infections:
Virus goes dormant, symptoms go away until triggered.
Examples: HSV 1 & 2, varicella
chronic infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections:
similar to latent infections, but it's always detectable. Examples: HBV, HCV
slow infections - Answer Subcategory of persistent infections:
slow progression of disease over many years, often progresses to a lethal disease
Example: HIV to AIDS, lentivirus
preclinical phase - Answer Asymptomatic period of slow viral infections; patient may not
be aware of disease
However, possibly could be detected with screening test
genetic reassortment - Answer When a cell is infected by two different types of viruses
and the viruses exchange genetic information (usually with RNA viruses)
HHV-1 - Answer Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
herpesviridae - Answer herpes family name
herpesvirus - Answer herpes genus name
HSV 1, HSV 2 - Answer herpes species
1 - Answer Oral herpes is most commonly associated with human herpesvirus _.
2 - Answer Genital herpes is most commonly associated with human herpesvirus _.
non-segmented - Answer Are herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 segmented or
non-segmented?
true - Answer True or false:
Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 are enveloped.
(memory trick: you get herpes by mucous membrane contact, and you lick envelopes...)
helical - Answer Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2 are ______ in shape.
dsDNA - Answer What form is the genetic material for herpes simplex virus 1 & 2?
linear - Answer While the overall shape of human herpes virus 1 & 2 is helical, the
