Enjoy these detailed notes, directly from the Ontario Secondary School Grade 12 Curriculum, focussing on SBI4U! These extensively detailed notes should help you if you're studying for an exam or just love biology! Good luck!
Energy and Enzymes Test Notes 2017-03-03
Hassan Alibhai Page EE1
Thermodynamics
• Metabolism is the collective name for all chemical reacting that occurs inside the cell.
• Energy is the ability to do work
◦ Kinetic: the energy of motion → thermal, mechanical, electrical
◦ Potential: stored energy → gravitational, chemical
Laws of Thermodynamics
• First Law → The Law of Conservation of Energy: energy can never be created or destroyed, but
simply transferred from one form to another.
• Second Law → Energy cannot be transferred from one form to another with a loss of useful
energy.
◦ Energy transfer increases the entropy (the measure of the tendency for a system to become
unorganized) of the universe.
Applying the Laws
Exothermic (Exergonic) Reactions Endothermic (Endergonic) Reactions
• Products bonds >stable Reactants bonds • Reactant bonds >stable Product bonds
• Releases energy • Requires an input of energy
• Δ G < 0 (spontaneous) • Δ G > 0 (non-spontaneous)
• Interpret H as G in this diagram
• Interpret H as G in this diagram
• In the above diagrams, EA is the activation energy: the input of energy that a reaction requires
to begin with.
◦ When the reaction reaches the activation energy (this is immediate in the case of an
exothermic reaction), the products reach the transition state.
◦ This is where anabolic (creation of bonds) or catabolic (breaking bonds) reactions occur.
◦ Enzymes lower the EA required, speeding up the reaction (they don’t react though)
◦ The catalyst does not affect Δ G , rather it decreases the potential energy in the transition
state causing more molecular collisions to occur in the form of kinetic energy.
▪ A greater proportion of products is therefore formed much faster
◦ Reduces the EA when the amino side groups interact with the substrate, breaking bonds
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