EAPS 106|59 Exam 1 review
How earthquake magnitudes are related to the relative magnitude of shaking? -
✔ ✔ For every whole number increase in magnitude the amplitude of shaking
goes up by a factor of 10.
What is a mid-ocean ridge - ✔ ✔ a long, seismically active submarine ridge
system situated in the middle of an ocean basin and marking the site of the
upwelling of magma associated with seafloor spreading/divergent margins.
What is a passive plate margin? - ✔ ✔ When a boundary between continental
crust and oceanic crust is not a plate boundary
What is a subduction zone? - ✔ ✔ referred to as convergent margins since the
plates move toward each other. Where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur.
What is a supercontinent - ✔ ✔ one big continent with most or all of the land
mass
What is a transform Plate boundary - ✔ ✔ where two plates laterally slide
past each other.
What is elastic rebound? - ✔ ✔ the crust bends like rubber
(storing energy), then unbends (releasing energy).
What is Forced Resonance? - ✔ ✔ When the frequency of
external forces matches the natural frequency
of a structure, the structure will sway wildly.
What is stick-slip behavior? - ✔ ✔ faults remains stuck while energy builds,
then suddenly slips when energy is released.
What is the asthenosphere? - ✔ ✔ Weakest layer of the mantle (flows readily)
, and underlies the lithosphere. This layer is solid
What is the fourth layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔ ✔
Inner Core; 1216 Km
What is the lithosphere? - ✔ ✔ Strong outer shell of the Earth consisting of
the
crust and uppermost (coldest, strongest) layer of the mantle. Plate Tectonics
occurs here.
What is the outermost layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔
✔ Crust; 35 Km
What is the third layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔ ✔
Outer core; 2270 Km
What is the Wilson Cycle? - ✔ ✔ describes how continents break up and then
rejoin.
What would happen if Earth lost its magnetic field? - ✔ ✔ compasses would
go crazy/auroras might be visible at night everywhere/widespread power
outages/migratory animals may have trouble/NO MASS EXTINCTIONS
Why diagonal beams help buildings be more resistant to earthquakes - ✔ ✔
They support compression and tension forces
Why earthquakes are difficult to predict? - ✔ ✔ The time and magnitude of
earthquakes on any fault is highly variable
How GPS is used to predict how big the next earthquake in a region is likely to be -
✔ ✔ GPS measurements enable us to measure slip deficit rates, the amount
an earthquake will need to slip in order to reduce elastic stress build-up.
How many seismograms are required to locate an earthquake? - ✔ ✔ 3
how we can keep a building from swaying too much during an earthquake - ✔
✔ Isolation Systems and Inertial damping systems
How earthquake magnitudes are related to the relative magnitude of shaking? -
✔ ✔ For every whole number increase in magnitude the amplitude of shaking
goes up by a factor of 10.
What is a mid-ocean ridge - ✔ ✔ a long, seismically active submarine ridge
system situated in the middle of an ocean basin and marking the site of the
upwelling of magma associated with seafloor spreading/divergent margins.
What is a passive plate margin? - ✔ ✔ When a boundary between continental
crust and oceanic crust is not a plate boundary
What is a subduction zone? - ✔ ✔ referred to as convergent margins since the
plates move toward each other. Where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur.
What is a supercontinent - ✔ ✔ one big continent with most or all of the land
mass
What is a transform Plate boundary - ✔ ✔ where two plates laterally slide
past each other.
What is elastic rebound? - ✔ ✔ the crust bends like rubber
(storing energy), then unbends (releasing energy).
What is Forced Resonance? - ✔ ✔ When the frequency of
external forces matches the natural frequency
of a structure, the structure will sway wildly.
What is stick-slip behavior? - ✔ ✔ faults remains stuck while energy builds,
then suddenly slips when energy is released.
What is the asthenosphere? - ✔ ✔ Weakest layer of the mantle (flows readily)
, and underlies the lithosphere. This layer is solid
What is the fourth layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔ ✔
Inner Core; 1216 Km
What is the lithosphere? - ✔ ✔ Strong outer shell of the Earth consisting of
the
crust and uppermost (coldest, strongest) layer of the mantle. Plate Tectonics
occurs here.
What is the outermost layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔
✔ Crust; 35 Km
What is the third layer of the earth and what is its relative thickness? - ✔ ✔
Outer core; 2270 Km
What is the Wilson Cycle? - ✔ ✔ describes how continents break up and then
rejoin.
What would happen if Earth lost its magnetic field? - ✔ ✔ compasses would
go crazy/auroras might be visible at night everywhere/widespread power
outages/migratory animals may have trouble/NO MASS EXTINCTIONS
Why diagonal beams help buildings be more resistant to earthquakes - ✔ ✔
They support compression and tension forces
Why earthquakes are difficult to predict? - ✔ ✔ The time and magnitude of
earthquakes on any fault is highly variable
How GPS is used to predict how big the next earthquake in a region is likely to be -
✔ ✔ GPS measurements enable us to measure slip deficit rates, the amount
an earthquake will need to slip in order to reduce elastic stress build-up.
How many seismograms are required to locate an earthquake? - ✔ ✔ 3
how we can keep a building from swaying too much during an earthquake - ✔
✔ Isolation Systems and Inertial damping systems
