NURS406 Exam 1 Study Guide
evidence based practice - Answer we do this when evidence exists and we need to know
what is best practice; combination of the synthesis of the findings from the best
research evidence, clinical expertise, and philosophy, and needs and values of patients;
it may not require IRB approval and is generally not funded
to promote quality, safe, and cost-effective outcomes - Answer what is the goal of EBP
research - Answer we do this when their is a knowledge gap we need to fill; it is
conducted by experts, funding can be available, and an intuitional review board
approval is required
synthesis of new empirical knowledge - Answer the best research evidence is the
____________________ generated from well-designed research studies to address a
clinical problem
case study, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control study, randomized controlled trial -
Answer what are the 5 types of research studies
1) develop a clinical question
2) retrieve the evidence
3) evaluate the evidence
4) apply the evidence - Answer 4 steps of evidence based practice
quantitative research - Answer formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for
generating information; describes new situations, events, or concepts; purpose is to
examine relationships among variables; determines the effectiveness of treatment;
always report numerical data
independent - Answer variable that is manipulated by the researcher
dependent - Answer variable that is impacted by the manipulation
extraneous - Answer unrelated to the focus of research; usually demographi
descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental - Answer types of
quantitative research
descriptive quantitative research - Answer research that explores and describes a
phenomena in real-life situations; helps to identify relationships; new meaning
discovered and a description of concepts; describes situations as they exist- no variable
manipulation
correlational quantitative research - Answer research that looks at the relationship
between 2 or more variables and determines the strength and type of relationship; does
,not study cause and effect; no manipulations
quasi-experimental quantitative research - Answer research that does examine cause
and effect but the research cannot control everything; samples are not randomly
selected; determines effectiveness of interventions in predicting and controlling patient
outcomes; manipulation of independent variable but does not have a control group
experimental quantitative research - Answer research that describes cause and effect
but has controlled manipulation of at least one variable; random assignments of the
sample; uses experimental and control groups; controls the independent variable by
randomly assigning participants to different groups, treatment, or conditions;
randomized controlled trials use this
prospective - Answer type of data that starts with an examination of the presumed
causes and then goes forward in time to observe the effect; measure independent
variables as presumed causes and then measures the effect (outcome) after moving
foward
retrospective - Answer type of data that starts with outcome in the present and looks for
cause, looks back for presumed cause or contributing factors
cross sectional - Answer type of data that collects data at one point in time
longitudinal - Answer type of data that collects data at more than one point of time
(allowing for comparison and analysis of change over time)
qualitative research - Answer research with the purpose to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons and motivations, uncover possible trends in thought, opinions,
beliefs, experiences, etc.; answers the research question of why? how? or what?;
subjective results; data represented in words or observations
phenomenology, grounded, ethnography, historical, qualitative descriptive - Answer
types of qualitative research
phenomenology qualitative research - Answer research that provides understanding of
a particular phenomenon as it is lived by those who experience it
grounded theory qualitative research - Answer research done to understand the
concepts and social processes involved in a phenomenon; goal of developing a theory
ethnography qualitative research - Answer research done for a systemic study of people
and culture
historical qualitative research - Answer research done to seek to understand events of
the distant or recent past
qualitative descriptive research - Answer research done to describe a particular
phenomenon, practice, process, etc. but does not strictly subscribe to any specific
qualitative approach (ex. what was it like to be an active duty nurse during the Vietnam
, war?)
PICO(T) question - Answer a question that is used to communicate information clearly to
anyone reading; it is searchable and answerable; develops foreground questions that
apply EBP to clinical situations; guides a search of research evidence to support
management practice; structures and guides the search process
P- patient population
I- interventions or treatment
C- compared to
O- outcome of interest
T- timeframe (optional) - Answer what does PICOT stand for
pyramid of evidence - Answer helpful tool for presenting research evidence on a
continuum with the highest quality of research evidence at the apex and the weakest
research evidence at the base
level 1 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is systemic review
and meta-analysis
level 2 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is randomized
controlled trial or experimental study
level 3 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is quasi-experimental
study
level 4 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is mixed methods
systemic review and qualitative metal-synthesis
level 5 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is descriptive
correlational, predictive correlational, and cohort studies
level 6 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is descriptive study
and qualitative study
level 7 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is opinions from
expert committees and authorities
mixed-methods systemic review - Answer study where researchers combine findings
from qualitative and quantitative literature on a particular topic
meta-analysis - Answer study where researchers locate several quantitative studies and
pool the results into a single statistic that summarizes
systemic review - Answer study where teams of researchers use specialized criteria to
find several studies, and publish the result, using detailed criteria, tables of published
evidence based practice - Answer we do this when evidence exists and we need to know
what is best practice; combination of the synthesis of the findings from the best
research evidence, clinical expertise, and philosophy, and needs and values of patients;
it may not require IRB approval and is generally not funded
to promote quality, safe, and cost-effective outcomes - Answer what is the goal of EBP
research - Answer we do this when their is a knowledge gap we need to fill; it is
conducted by experts, funding can be available, and an intuitional review board
approval is required
synthesis of new empirical knowledge - Answer the best research evidence is the
____________________ generated from well-designed research studies to address a
clinical problem
case study, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control study, randomized controlled trial -
Answer what are the 5 types of research studies
1) develop a clinical question
2) retrieve the evidence
3) evaluate the evidence
4) apply the evidence - Answer 4 steps of evidence based practice
quantitative research - Answer formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for
generating information; describes new situations, events, or concepts; purpose is to
examine relationships among variables; determines the effectiveness of treatment;
always report numerical data
independent - Answer variable that is manipulated by the researcher
dependent - Answer variable that is impacted by the manipulation
extraneous - Answer unrelated to the focus of research; usually demographi
descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental - Answer types of
quantitative research
descriptive quantitative research - Answer research that explores and describes a
phenomena in real-life situations; helps to identify relationships; new meaning
discovered and a description of concepts; describes situations as they exist- no variable
manipulation
correlational quantitative research - Answer research that looks at the relationship
between 2 or more variables and determines the strength and type of relationship; does
,not study cause and effect; no manipulations
quasi-experimental quantitative research - Answer research that does examine cause
and effect but the research cannot control everything; samples are not randomly
selected; determines effectiveness of interventions in predicting and controlling patient
outcomes; manipulation of independent variable but does not have a control group
experimental quantitative research - Answer research that describes cause and effect
but has controlled manipulation of at least one variable; random assignments of the
sample; uses experimental and control groups; controls the independent variable by
randomly assigning participants to different groups, treatment, or conditions;
randomized controlled trials use this
prospective - Answer type of data that starts with an examination of the presumed
causes and then goes forward in time to observe the effect; measure independent
variables as presumed causes and then measures the effect (outcome) after moving
foward
retrospective - Answer type of data that starts with outcome in the present and looks for
cause, looks back for presumed cause or contributing factors
cross sectional - Answer type of data that collects data at one point in time
longitudinal - Answer type of data that collects data at more than one point of time
(allowing for comparison and analysis of change over time)
qualitative research - Answer research with the purpose to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons and motivations, uncover possible trends in thought, opinions,
beliefs, experiences, etc.; answers the research question of why? how? or what?;
subjective results; data represented in words or observations
phenomenology, grounded, ethnography, historical, qualitative descriptive - Answer
types of qualitative research
phenomenology qualitative research - Answer research that provides understanding of
a particular phenomenon as it is lived by those who experience it
grounded theory qualitative research - Answer research done to understand the
concepts and social processes involved in a phenomenon; goal of developing a theory
ethnography qualitative research - Answer research done for a systemic study of people
and culture
historical qualitative research - Answer research done to seek to understand events of
the distant or recent past
qualitative descriptive research - Answer research done to describe a particular
phenomenon, practice, process, etc. but does not strictly subscribe to any specific
qualitative approach (ex. what was it like to be an active duty nurse during the Vietnam
, war?)
PICO(T) question - Answer a question that is used to communicate information clearly to
anyone reading; it is searchable and answerable; develops foreground questions that
apply EBP to clinical situations; guides a search of research evidence to support
management practice; structures and guides the search process
P- patient population
I- interventions or treatment
C- compared to
O- outcome of interest
T- timeframe (optional) - Answer what does PICOT stand for
pyramid of evidence - Answer helpful tool for presenting research evidence on a
continuum with the highest quality of research evidence at the apex and the weakest
research evidence at the base
level 1 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is systemic review
and meta-analysis
level 2 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is randomized
controlled trial or experimental study
level 3 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is quasi-experimental
study
level 4 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is mixed methods
systemic review and qualitative metal-synthesis
level 5 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is descriptive
correlational, predictive correlational, and cohort studies
level 6 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is descriptive study
and qualitative study
level 7 - Answer what level of research on the pyramid of evidence is opinions from
expert committees and authorities
mixed-methods systemic review - Answer study where researchers combine findings
from qualitative and quantitative literature on a particular topic
meta-analysis - Answer study where researchers locate several quantitative studies and
pool the results into a single statistic that summarizes
systemic review - Answer study where teams of researchers use specialized criteria to
find several studies, and publish the result, using detailed criteria, tables of published
