Renal
Pathology
, Index
Acid base disorders
·
3
Il
Water
Electrolyte
& homeostasis
·
Acute
Kidney Fujung 16
·
·
Haematuria / Nephritic Syndrome 23
·
Glomerulonephritis & Nephrotic Syndrome 25
Obstructive
Kidney Disease 28
·
Chronic
Kidney Disease 31
·
Diabetic
Hypertensive Nephropathy
B 35
·
·
Neoplasms of Male Urogenital System 38
of
Pathology Male Genital Tract 42
·
,Acid Base disorders
↳ Intro &
Physiology
pHlogStIT
Acid =
proton dona
:
use
Base
proton acceptor
=
= 7 .
4
CH ] blood 35-45 nmo/b
physiological pH
+
in = =
1 35-7
. . 45
Physiological pl importance
1. Intracellular environment D
Enzymes
a metabolic intermediates
.
2
Electrolyte balance -d
Acidosis-hype Kalaemia, ionized hypercalcemia
& Alkalosis -
hypokalaemin
ionotropic effect
.
3 Cardina
contractilityAlkalosis
Acidosis - t D ac due to-ve
of Hb
on heart
4
. Or
delivery a ↓ On
of
-
delivery ble 1
affinity to O2
.
5 Fatal at extremes plt
Sources of HT
Metabolic Processes
J F
netabolism
-
breakdown
Aerobic metabolism Netabolism of phosphoric ,
sulfuric Anderobic
Triglyceride
=
proteins amino acids T
CO2 He CO3 T
lacticacids Ketoacids
phosphoric ,
sulduric ,
hydrochloric acids
Maintaining pl
·
Buffers -b seconds to minutes
·
Resp-p minutes to hous
Renal hours
- to
days
·
-
Buffers
weak acid +
conjugate base lessens
change
in CT when acid/ base is added
strong
-
a
·
Bicarbonate buffer a ECF ·
other protein bulders a ICf
·
Phosphate buffer D ICf B wine ·
Bone buffer D Chronic acidosis
·
Haemoglobin bulfer *
ECf
Bicarbonate buffer
+ -low
HCOz-
+
H
HeCO3 H H20 pKa
=
+
=> CO2 + -
HeCOg +
HC05a = 61 .
weak acid.Volatile acid conjugate base hypoventilation reclain/regenerate HCO5 pH =
7 . H
carbonic
: breaks
easily hyperventilation ↓ anhydrase HT
excrete
Henderson Hassalbach equation :
↑
A
,
(mmd/l)
arion 74
.
=
6 1
.
+
log[]
pH 6 1 +
log [OpaCO J
[]
=
.
ratio -20
=
pla -
DHA ,
Weak acid
(mmHg)
solubility co-efficient
the stable the ratio the stable the
-D more more
pl
, Phosphate Buffer
↳ distal convolutedtubule
intracellular
↑
+
HePO4 -= H +
HPOp- pla =
6 8
.
weak base base A
Urine
"
conjugate
Protein buffers
butter Buffers
Haemoglobin Other Protein
+
H2O +
CO2 CO2 H +
Protein - " H Protein
.
1Hb =
&
He COz
Hb-
~
HT + H20 DHCOz-
Cl - 4 Cl-
Dexchange
RBC Plasma Tissue
bone buffer
·
HCO3- in bone water Carbonate and
·
phosphate proton buffers released
Exchange of protons on bone surface Reduce bone formation increased bone resorption
·
·
,
Respiratory regulation
pH of C87 :
(O2 +
HeO = H+ + HCOsi Central Chemoreceptors :
Peripheral Chemoreceptor :
Brainstem
crosses" BBB
·
·
Medulla
Ronal
Regulation
metabolic component :
HCO3 and H+
HC8z- Reabsorption,
+
regeneration
H Excretion
Bicarbonate reabsorption Bicarbonate
regeneration effective for
↑ more
- Dmaintain conc.
③
②
-illbe
Q
Pathology
, Index
Acid base disorders
·
3
Il
Water
Electrolyte
& homeostasis
·
Acute
Kidney Fujung 16
·
·
Haematuria / Nephritic Syndrome 23
·
Glomerulonephritis & Nephrotic Syndrome 25
Obstructive
Kidney Disease 28
·
Chronic
Kidney Disease 31
·
Diabetic
Hypertensive Nephropathy
B 35
·
·
Neoplasms of Male Urogenital System 38
of
Pathology Male Genital Tract 42
·
,Acid Base disorders
↳ Intro &
Physiology
pHlogStIT
Acid =
proton dona
:
use
Base
proton acceptor
=
= 7 .
4
CH ] blood 35-45 nmo/b
physiological pH
+
in = =
1 35-7
. . 45
Physiological pl importance
1. Intracellular environment D
Enzymes
a metabolic intermediates
.
2
Electrolyte balance -d
Acidosis-hype Kalaemia, ionized hypercalcemia
& Alkalosis -
hypokalaemin
ionotropic effect
.
3 Cardina
contractilityAlkalosis
Acidosis - t D ac due to-ve
of Hb
on heart
4
. Or
delivery a ↓ On
of
-
delivery ble 1
affinity to O2
.
5 Fatal at extremes plt
Sources of HT
Metabolic Processes
J F
netabolism
-
breakdown
Aerobic metabolism Netabolism of phosphoric ,
sulfuric Anderobic
Triglyceride
=
proteins amino acids T
CO2 He CO3 T
lacticacids Ketoacids
phosphoric ,
sulduric ,
hydrochloric acids
Maintaining pl
·
Buffers -b seconds to minutes
·
Resp-p minutes to hous
Renal hours
- to
days
·
-
Buffers
weak acid +
conjugate base lessens
change
in CT when acid/ base is added
strong
-
a
·
Bicarbonate buffer a ECF ·
other protein bulders a ICf
·
Phosphate buffer D ICf B wine ·
Bone buffer D Chronic acidosis
·
Haemoglobin bulfer *
ECf
Bicarbonate buffer
+ -low
HCOz-
+
H
HeCO3 H H20 pKa
=
+
=> CO2 + -
HeCOg +
HC05a = 61 .
weak acid.Volatile acid conjugate base hypoventilation reclain/regenerate HCO5 pH =
7 . H
carbonic
: breaks
easily hyperventilation ↓ anhydrase HT
excrete
Henderson Hassalbach equation :
↑
A
,
(mmd/l)
arion 74
.
=
6 1
.
+
log[]
pH 6 1 +
log [OpaCO J
[]
=
.
ratio -20
=
pla -
DHA ,
Weak acid
(mmHg)
solubility co-efficient
the stable the ratio the stable the
-D more more
pl
, Phosphate Buffer
↳ distal convolutedtubule
intracellular
↑
+
HePO4 -= H +
HPOp- pla =
6 8
.
weak base base A
Urine
"
conjugate
Protein buffers
butter Buffers
Haemoglobin Other Protein
+
H2O +
CO2 CO2 H +
Protein - " H Protein
.
1Hb =
&
He COz
Hb-
~
HT + H20 DHCOz-
Cl - 4 Cl-
Dexchange
RBC Plasma Tissue
bone buffer
·
HCO3- in bone water Carbonate and
·
phosphate proton buffers released
Exchange of protons on bone surface Reduce bone formation increased bone resorption
·
·
,
Respiratory regulation
pH of C87 :
(O2 +
HeO = H+ + HCOsi Central Chemoreceptors :
Peripheral Chemoreceptor :
Brainstem
crosses" BBB
·
·
Medulla
Ronal
Regulation
metabolic component :
HCO3 and H+
HC8z- Reabsorption,
+
regeneration
H Excretion
Bicarbonate reabsorption Bicarbonate
regeneration effective for
↑ more
- Dmaintain conc.
③
②
-illbe
Q
