CA M P B E L L
h h
BIOLOGY
h h
TWELFTH
h
h h
h h
EDITION h
h
Lisa A. Urry
h h Michael L. Cain
h h Steven A. Wasserman
h h
MILLS hCOLLEGE, NEW h MEXICO h STATE UNIVERSITY hOF hCALIFORNIA,
hOAKLAND, h CALIFORNIA h UNIVERSITY h SAN hDIEGO
Rebecca B. Orr
Peter V. Minorsky
h h
h h
COLLIN h COLLEGE, h PLANO, h TEXAS
MERCY hCOLLEGE, hDOBBS
hFERRY, hNEW hYORK
,Director, hGlobal hHigher hEd hContent hManagement Project hManager: hKatie hCook
hand hStrategy, hScience h& hHealth hSciences: hJeanne Content h Producers, h Mastering h Biology: h Kaitlin
hZalesky h Smith, hAshley hGordon
Manager, hHigher hEd hGlobal hContent hStrategy, hLife Supervising hMedia hProducer: hTod hRegan
hSciences: hJoshua hFrost Media hProducer: h Ziki h Dekel
Associate h Content h Analyst: h Chelsea h Noack Full-Service h Vendor: h Integra h Software h Services, h Inc.
Editorial hAssistant: hAshley hFallon Design hManager: hMark hOng
Director, hHigher hEd hProduct Cover h& hInterior hDesigner: hJeff hPuda
hManagement, hLife hSciences: hMichael
Illustrators: h Lachina h Creative
hGillespie
Rights h& hPermissions hProject hManager: hMatt hPerry,
Product h Manager: h Rebecca h Berardy h Schwartz hSPi hGlobal
Managing h Producer: h Michael h Early Rights h& hPermissions hManager: hBen hFerrini
Senior h Content h Producer: h Lori h Newman Photo h Researcher: h Maureen h Spuhler
Director, hContent hDevelopment h& Product hand hSolutions hSpecialist: hKelly hGalli
hPartner hRelationships: hGinnie
hSenior hProduct hMarketing hManager: hAlysun hEstes
hSimione hJutson
h Manufacturing hBuyer: hStacey hWeinberger, hLSC
Supervising hEditors: hBeth hN. hWinickoff, hPat hBurner
Communications
Senior hDevelopmental hEditors: hJohn hBurner, hMary hAnn
Cover hPhoto hCredit: hRobert hRohrbaugh/Rohrbaugh
h Murray, hHilair hChism, hAndrew hRecher, hMary hHill
h Photography
Specialist, h Instructional h Design h and h Development:
Sarah h Young-Dualan
Senior h Content h Developer, h Mastering h Biology:
Sarah hJensen
Copyright h© h2021, h2017, h2014 hby hPearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates, h221 hRiver hStreet, hHoboken, hNJ
h07030. hAll hRights hReserved. hManufactured hin hthe hUnited hStates hof hAmerica. hThis hpublication his hprotected hby
hcopyright, hand hpermission hshould hbe hobtained hfrom hthe hpublisher hprior hto hany hprohibited hreproduction,
hstorage hin ha hretrieval hsystem, hor htransmission hin hany hform hor hby hany hmeans, helectronic, hmechanical,
hphotocopying, hrecording, hor h otherwise. hFor hinformation hregarding hpermissions, hrequest hforms, hand hthe
happropriate hcontacts hwithin hthe h Pearson hEducation hGlobal hRights hand hPermissions hdepartment, hplease hvisit
hwww.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Acknowledgments hof hthird-party hcontent happear hin hthe hCredits hsection h(beginning hon hpage hCR-1), hwhich
hconstitutes han hextension hof hthis hcopyright hpage.
PEARSON, h ALWAYS h LEARNING, h MasteringTM h Biology, h and h BioFlix® h are h exclusive h trademarks h owned h by
h Pearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates hin hthe hU.S. hand/or hother hcountries.
Unless hotherwise hindicated hherein, hany hthird-party htrademarks hthat hmay happear hin hthis hwork hare hthe hproperty
hof htheir hrespective howners hand hany hreferences hto hthird-party htrademarks, hlogos hor hother htrade hdress hare hfor
hdemonstrative hor hdescriptive hpurposes honly. hSuch hreferences hare hnot hintended hto himply hany hsponsorship,
hendorsement, hauthorization, hor hpromotion hof hPearson’s hproducts hby hthe howners hof hsuch hmarks, hor hany
hrelationship hbetween hthe howner hand hPearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates, hauthors, hlicensees hor
hdistributors.
Library h of h Congress h Cataloging-in-Publication h Data
Names: hUrry, hLisa hA., hauthor. h| hCain, hMichael hL. h(Michael hLee),
hauthor. h| hWasserman, hSteven hAlexander, hauthor. h| hMinorsky,
hPeter hV., hauthor. h| hOrr, hRebecca hB., hauthor. h| hCampbell, hNeil hA.,
hBiology.
Title: hCampbell hbiology h/ hLisa hA. hUrry, hMichael hL. hCain, hSteven
hA. hWasserman, h Peter h V. h Minorsky, h Rebecca h B. h Orr, h Neil h A.
h Campbell.
Description: hTwelfth hedition. h| hNew hYork, hNY h: hPearson, h2020. h| hIncludes
hindex. hIdentifiers: hLCCN h2019039139 h| hISBN h9780135188743 h(hardcover)
h|
ISBN h 9780135988046 h (ebook)
Subjects: h LCSH: h Biology.
Classification: hLCC hQH308.2 h.C34 h2020 h| hDDC h570—
dc23 hLC hrecord havailable hat
hhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019039139
ScoutAutomatedPrintCode
, ISBN h10: h0-135-18874-1; hISBN h 13: h 978-0-135-18874-3 h (Rental hEdition)
ISBN h 10: h 0-136-62344-1; h ISBN h 13: h 978-0-136-62344-1 h (Instructor h Review h Copy)
www.pearson.com
, Setting the Standard for Excellence,
h h h h
Accuracy, and Innovation
h h h
Campbell Biology, 12th Edition, delivers an authoritative, accurate, current,
h h h h h h h h
and pedagogically innovative experience that helps students make connections
h h h h h h h h h
so they learn and understand biology. This edition presents new, engaging
h h h h h h h h h h h
visual and digital resources that meet demonstrated student needs.
h h h h h h h h h
h h
BIOLOGY
h h
TWELFTH
h
h h
h h
EDITION h
h
Lisa A. Urry
h h Michael L. Cain
h h Steven A. Wasserman
h h
MILLS hCOLLEGE, NEW h MEXICO h STATE UNIVERSITY hOF hCALIFORNIA,
hOAKLAND, h CALIFORNIA h UNIVERSITY h SAN hDIEGO
Rebecca B. Orr
Peter V. Minorsky
h h
h h
COLLIN h COLLEGE, h PLANO, h TEXAS
MERCY hCOLLEGE, hDOBBS
hFERRY, hNEW hYORK
,Director, hGlobal hHigher hEd hContent hManagement Project hManager: hKatie hCook
hand hStrategy, hScience h& hHealth hSciences: hJeanne Content h Producers, h Mastering h Biology: h Kaitlin
hZalesky h Smith, hAshley hGordon
Manager, hHigher hEd hGlobal hContent hStrategy, hLife Supervising hMedia hProducer: hTod hRegan
hSciences: hJoshua hFrost Media hProducer: h Ziki h Dekel
Associate h Content h Analyst: h Chelsea h Noack Full-Service h Vendor: h Integra h Software h Services, h Inc.
Editorial hAssistant: hAshley hFallon Design hManager: hMark hOng
Director, hHigher hEd hProduct Cover h& hInterior hDesigner: hJeff hPuda
hManagement, hLife hSciences: hMichael
Illustrators: h Lachina h Creative
hGillespie
Rights h& hPermissions hProject hManager: hMatt hPerry,
Product h Manager: h Rebecca h Berardy h Schwartz hSPi hGlobal
Managing h Producer: h Michael h Early Rights h& hPermissions hManager: hBen hFerrini
Senior h Content h Producer: h Lori h Newman Photo h Researcher: h Maureen h Spuhler
Director, hContent hDevelopment h& Product hand hSolutions hSpecialist: hKelly hGalli
hPartner hRelationships: hGinnie
hSenior hProduct hMarketing hManager: hAlysun hEstes
hSimione hJutson
h Manufacturing hBuyer: hStacey hWeinberger, hLSC
Supervising hEditors: hBeth hN. hWinickoff, hPat hBurner
Communications
Senior hDevelopmental hEditors: hJohn hBurner, hMary hAnn
Cover hPhoto hCredit: hRobert hRohrbaugh/Rohrbaugh
h Murray, hHilair hChism, hAndrew hRecher, hMary hHill
h Photography
Specialist, h Instructional h Design h and h Development:
Sarah h Young-Dualan
Senior h Content h Developer, h Mastering h Biology:
Sarah hJensen
Copyright h© h2021, h2017, h2014 hby hPearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates, h221 hRiver hStreet, hHoboken, hNJ
h07030. hAll hRights hReserved. hManufactured hin hthe hUnited hStates hof hAmerica. hThis hpublication his hprotected hby
hcopyright, hand hpermission hshould hbe hobtained hfrom hthe hpublisher hprior hto hany hprohibited hreproduction,
hstorage hin ha hretrieval hsystem, hor htransmission hin hany hform hor hby hany hmeans, helectronic, hmechanical,
hphotocopying, hrecording, hor h otherwise. hFor hinformation hregarding hpermissions, hrequest hforms, hand hthe
happropriate hcontacts hwithin hthe h Pearson hEducation hGlobal hRights hand hPermissions hdepartment, hplease hvisit
hwww.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Acknowledgments hof hthird-party hcontent happear hin hthe hCredits hsection h(beginning hon hpage hCR-1), hwhich
hconstitutes han hextension hof hthis hcopyright hpage.
PEARSON, h ALWAYS h LEARNING, h MasteringTM h Biology, h and h BioFlix® h are h exclusive h trademarks h owned h by
h Pearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates hin hthe hU.S. hand/or hother hcountries.
Unless hotherwise hindicated hherein, hany hthird-party htrademarks hthat hmay happear hin hthis hwork hare hthe hproperty
hof htheir hrespective howners hand hany hreferences hto hthird-party htrademarks, hlogos hor hother htrade hdress hare hfor
hdemonstrative hor hdescriptive hpurposes honly. hSuch hreferences hare hnot hintended hto himply hany hsponsorship,
hendorsement, hauthorization, hor hpromotion hof hPearson’s hproducts hby hthe howners hof hsuch hmarks, hor hany
hrelationship hbetween hthe howner hand hPearson hEducation, hInc. hor hits haffiliates, hauthors, hlicensees hor
hdistributors.
Library h of h Congress h Cataloging-in-Publication h Data
Names: hUrry, hLisa hA., hauthor. h| hCain, hMichael hL. h(Michael hLee),
hauthor. h| hWasserman, hSteven hAlexander, hauthor. h| hMinorsky,
hPeter hV., hauthor. h| hOrr, hRebecca hB., hauthor. h| hCampbell, hNeil hA.,
hBiology.
Title: hCampbell hbiology h/ hLisa hA. hUrry, hMichael hL. hCain, hSteven
hA. hWasserman, h Peter h V. h Minorsky, h Rebecca h B. h Orr, h Neil h A.
h Campbell.
Description: hTwelfth hedition. h| hNew hYork, hNY h: hPearson, h2020. h| hIncludes
hindex. hIdentifiers: hLCCN h2019039139 h| hISBN h9780135188743 h(hardcover)
h|
ISBN h 9780135988046 h (ebook)
Subjects: h LCSH: h Biology.
Classification: hLCC hQH308.2 h.C34 h2020 h| hDDC h570—
dc23 hLC hrecord havailable hat
hhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019039139
ScoutAutomatedPrintCode
, ISBN h10: h0-135-18874-1; hISBN h 13: h 978-0-135-18874-3 h (Rental hEdition)
ISBN h 10: h 0-136-62344-1; h ISBN h 13: h 978-0-136-62344-1 h (Instructor h Review h Copy)
www.pearson.com
, Setting the Standard for Excellence,
h h h h
Accuracy, and Innovation
h h h
Campbell Biology, 12th Edition, delivers an authoritative, accurate, current,
h h h h h h h h
and pedagogically innovative experience that helps students make connections
h h h h h h h h h
so they learn and understand biology. This edition presents new, engaging
h h h h h h h h h h h
visual and digital resources that meet demonstrated student needs.
h h h h h h h h h
