,PSY 121 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n)
________ in classical conditioning. - ANSWER conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies,
even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the
street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade
notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the
unconditioned stimulus is the________________. - ANSWER sour lemon gummy
candy
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning
always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the
lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. -
ANSWER conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer
paired with the unconditioned stimulus. - ANSWER extinction
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell
every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less
and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she
finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms
explains this response? - ANSWER Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. -
ANSWER both operant and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a
behavior. - ANSWER Positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When
he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the
image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. - ANSWER
negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
, Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time
Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is
using ________. - ANSWER positive punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention
from others) from the individual. This is called________________. - ANSWER negative
punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that
schedule is called a ________ schedule. - ANSWER ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - ANSWER
Fixed ratio
____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the
small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. - ANSWER Chaining
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start
releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of
learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________. - ANSWER unconditioned
response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the
boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when
presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat
was a(n) ________ response. - ANSWER conditioned
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks
toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally,
the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates
________. - ANSWER shaping
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but
also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. -
ANSWER mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an
animal________________. - ANSWER either engages in a particular behavior or
watches another animal engage in the behavior
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n)
________ in classical conditioning. - ANSWER conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies,
even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the
street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade
notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the
unconditioned stimulus is the________________. - ANSWER sour lemon gummy
candy
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning
always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the
lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. -
ANSWER conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer
paired with the unconditioned stimulus. - ANSWER extinction
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell
every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less
and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she
finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms
explains this response? - ANSWER Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. -
ANSWER both operant and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a
behavior. - ANSWER Positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When
he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the
image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. - ANSWER
negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
, Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time
Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is
using ________. - ANSWER positive punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention
from others) from the individual. This is called________________. - ANSWER negative
punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that
schedule is called a ________ schedule. - ANSWER ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - ANSWER
Fixed ratio
____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the
small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. - ANSWER Chaining
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start
releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of
learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________. - ANSWER unconditioned
response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the
boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when
presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat
was a(n) ________ response. - ANSWER conditioned
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks
toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally,
the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates
________. - ANSWER shaping
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but
also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. -
ANSWER mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an
animal________________. - ANSWER either engages in a particular behavior or
watches another animal engage in the behavior
