NSB236 Week 2 Questions and Correct Answers the Latest Update

TBI (traumatic brain injury) Traumatically induced structural injury or physiological disruption of brain function as a result of an external force (Dynamic loading - car crash organs back and forth and angular loads - punch) Symptoms of TBI ▪ ALOC or lost ▪ Amnesia ▪ Neurological deficit ▪ Intracranial lesion (organ damage) ▪ Penetrating or closed head injuries ▪ GCS <8 Ages at risk - 15-44 & 75+ (falls, hypertension & meds) Mechanism of injury Transfer of energy from the environment to tissue above the amount that be adsorbed without dysfunction (Dynamic loading - car crash organs back and forth and angular loads - punch) Traumatic brain injury types 1. Acceleration (whip lash style injury) #Examify | #OnlineExams | #TestPrep | #StudyResources | #AcademicSuccess | #ExamPreparation | #QuizTime | #LearningTools | #Education | #StudentSupport Examify | Smart Grades | Latest update 2. Deceleration (blow to the head- hit) 3. Acceleration-deceleration (brain rebounds within the skull coup-contracoup) 4. Rotational forces What Traumatic brain injury results in? 1. Haematoma 2. Skull fracture 3. Traumatic shearing Diffuse axonal head injury (traumatic shearing) (coup-contracoup) 1. Tensile forces relation to trauma e.g. - shaken baby syndrome 2. The shearing of the axons resulting in axonal disconnection 3. Neurotransmitters leaking and in contact with the brain tissue Poor outcomes - 90% remain in a permanent vegetative state Primary Injury of intracranial haemorrhage Occurs first insult leading to neuropathological changes which lead to: 1. Ischemia (reduced blood flow) 2. Cerebral oedema #Examify | #OnlineExams | #TestPrep | #StudyResources | #AcademicSuccess | #ExamPreparation | #QuizTime | #LearningTools | #Education | #StudentSupport Examify | Smart Grades | Latest update 3. Neuro death 4. Inflammation Brain injury (Secondary injury) 1. Develops due to autoregulation 2. Autoregulation - the ability of the brain to maintain cerebral blood flow in response to changes in BP and cerebral perfusion pressure Result 1. Decreased O2 = cerebral ischemia 2. Altered cerebral metabolism due to loss of or a decrease in cerebral blood flow 3. Conversion from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism How does secondary injury occur Injuries occur from impaired autoregulation ension . 2. hypoxia, ed BGLs , ia, 5. hyperthermi 6., hypercarbia Intracranial pressure ▪ ICP is the pressure exerted by the CSF within the ventricles of the brains ▪ Normal ICP 5-15mmHg | 20 < intervention Paediatrics 1.5-6 (infants) / 3.5-7 (children) #Examify | #OnlineExams | #TestPrep | #StudyResources | #AcademicSuccess | #ExamPreparation | #QuizTime | #LearningTools | #Education | #StudentSupport Examify | Smart Grades | Latest update Clinical factors that increase intracranial pressure in the head injured patients - body and res