EAS 379 Final Study Guide Exam Questions And 100%
Correct Answers Latest Update
Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796-1820) - ANSWER Son of the Qianlong emperor who took full
power after Qianlong's death in 1799. In his reign China was plagued by pirates, internal
rebellion and natural disasters.
Daoguang Emperor (b. 1782, r. 1821-1850) - ANSWER Emperor during the Qing dynasty
whose reign saw the worsening conflicts between foreign powers and Chinese interests
that culminated in the Opium War.
Lin Zexu (1785-1850) - ANSWER Scholar-official from Fujian province, appointed in 1838
as imperial commissioner to end opium trade. He led a moral campaign aimed at
domestic users of opium and at the same time attempted to stop foreign importation of
the drug. His confiscation and destruction in 1839 of 3 million pounds of opium from
British warehouses in Canton outraged British trading concerns and helped trigger the
Opium War (1839-1842).
Wei Yuan (1794-1856) - ANSWER Historian and geographer of the Qing dynasty who
strove to synthesize traditional scholarly knowledge and practical experience in the
attempt to find solutions for the ailments of the Qing government.
Ding Gongchen (1800-1875) - ANSWER Mechanical engineer who designed the first
Chinese steam engine in 1842.
Qiying (1787-1858) - ANSWER Chief Manchu negotiator, governor-general of Guangxi
and Guangdong, for the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) who later signed the Treaty of Wanghia
(1844) with the United States and an agreement with the French (1844) that closely
followed the American agreement. His view, shared by many at court, was that the
Westerners' prior motivation was commercial greed and that they could probably be
stalled on most other demands if their trade kept moving.
Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) - ANSWER Leader of the Taiping rebellion, would-be scholar
,of poor Hakka family who believed himself to be the brother of Jesus Christ sent by God
to drive the demon Manchus out of China. The Taiping rebellion he led almost ended the
Qing dynasty.
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) - ANSWER Concubine to Xianfeng emperor; mother
of the Tongzhi emperor. She held de facto power over the Qing government after
becoming regent to the Tongzhi emperor in 1861 and retained power through the
Guangxu emperor's reign.
Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850-1861) - ANSWER Son of the Daoguang emperor who ruled
during a period of continuing Sino-English conflict over treaty concessions. He was
forced to flee to Manchuria in 1860 by invading British troops, where he died the next
year, leaving power over the throne to his consort, the dowager empress Cixi.
Prince Gong, 1833-1898 ANSWER A son of the Daoguang emperor who negotiated the
Treaty of Tianjin in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860 on behalf of his
half-brother the Xianfeng emperor. He felt that the British and French could be
controlled and became an adviser to the empress dowager Cixi in 1861 he also headed
the Zongli Yamen and started instituting reforms in China.
Tongzhi Emperor (b. 1856, r. 1861-1875) - ANSWER Son of the Xianfeng emperor who
was placed on the throne as a child with his mother, Cixi, ruling as his regent. Cixi
continued to exercise power over his decisions until his death.
Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) - ANSWER Confucian statesman/general/scholar; leader of the
Hunan provincial army Xiang that defeated the Taiping forces in Nanjing and put an end
to the rebellion. He was one of the leading figures of Qing self-strengthening efforts who
believed in the adoption of modern military technology and who enlisted a coterie of
talented men around himself for service to the Qing cause. Zeng adhered to the strict
Confucian standards of discipline, diligence, and loyalty to the emperor.
Yung Wing (1828-1912) - ANSWER First Chinese to graduate from an American
university Yale that served the Qing's self-strengthening efforts by helping Zeng Guofan
purchase machine equipment and arms from the United States.
,Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885) - ANSWER Leader of the Qing armies that suppressed the
Muslim revolts in northwestern China and who played an important role in the Taiping
Rebellion. He founded the Fuzhou Shipyard in 1866.
Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) - ANSWER Leading Chinese statesman of the 19th century
and protégé of Zeng Guofan. Gained prominence working with Zeng in the conclusion of
the Taiping Rebellion. Li took over as the main negotiator of China with foreign powers
and did much to modernize China - established Western-style arsenals. Led the Chinese
New Army; his decision to hold back led to the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese
War.
Matthew Perry 1853-1854 - ANSWER American who had forced the Japanese to end
their isolation and to acknowledge the realities of international relations and foreign
trade.
Guangxu Emperor b. 1871, r. 1875-1908 - ANSWER Nephew of Xianfeng emperor who
was chosen by his aunt Cixi to be the next emperor of the Qing dynasty. Sympathetic to
the appeals of Confucian reformers like Kang Youwei, Guangxu helped launch the
Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898 but was imprisoned by Cixi that same year for allegedly
plotting against her rule. He was poisoned in 1908 by Cixi while under house arrest.
Kang Youwei (1858-1927) - ANSWER Confucian scholar, influential in the late Qing
reform movements, who held that economic and political modernization could take
place within a Confucian political and moral framework. His plans for reform were
supported by the Guangxu emperor in the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898.
Young John Allen (1836-1907) - ANSWER Educated (Emory) American who emigrated to
China (Shanghai) as part of the Southern Methodist missionary movement at the time of
the Taiping Rebellion. He founded a newspaper - Church News which later became the
Review of the Times in 1874. Allen's example stimulated Kang Youwei in the founding of
his newspaper.
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) - ANSWER Considered the father of the Chinese republican
revolution. He was an anti-Manchu activist and helped to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
As leader of the Guomindang he struggled against warlord factions to try to unite China
throughout the 1910's and early 1920's. The following year, 1920, Sun accepted the
Soviet Union's offer of aid and forged a united-front alliance with the CCP. He died in
, 1925, thus leaving the leadership of the Guomindang to his successor, Chiang Kai-shek.
Yuan Shikai 1859-1916 - ANSWER Leader of the powerful Beiyang army; first loyal to the
empress dowager Cixi, then key in negotiating the 1912 abdication of the Qing. Upon his
rise to power due to military strength, Sun Yat-sen made Yuan the president of the new
republic. Yuan negotiated the emperor's (Puyi) abdication in exchange for being named
president. Yuan abused this office, purging the Parliament and proclaiming himself
emperor in 1915.
Song Jiaoren (1882-1913) - ANSWER Early leader of the Guomindang. An ardent critic of
Yuan Shikai, Song was assassinated on his way to assuming his leadership role in the
first nationally elected parliament -after which Yuan Shikai declared himself emperor.
Warlords-ANSWER Men who held provincial power and controlled much of China in the
early 20th century and who came from a wide range of backgrounds and maintained
their power in different ways. These men held power over territories both large and
small.
Guo Muruo (1892-1978) - ANSWER A poet of the May Fourth movement who wrote in the
vernacular, or modern standard, language that was comprehensible by uneducated
readers and listeners. His writings seemed to echo the explosive excitement of China's
youth.
Lu Xun (1881-1936) - ANSWER A May Fourth movement author known to write in the
vernacular. He was known for writing the "Diary of a Madman" in 1918.
Mao Zedong (1893-1976) - ANSWER Early member of the CCP who joined while working
in the Peking University library under Li Dazhao. Rose to party leadership by the 1930s,
advocating that China's Marxist revolution would be won by the peasants, not by an
urban proletariat. Led the CCP on the Long march and then established the People's
Republic of China in 1949.
Ailing Soong 1890-1973 - ANSWER Oldest of the three Soong sisters. Married "money."
Wife of financier/industrialist H.H. Kong, the so-called kingmaker of the Soong sisters.
Correct Answers Latest Update
Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796-1820) - ANSWER Son of the Qianlong emperor who took full
power after Qianlong's death in 1799. In his reign China was plagued by pirates, internal
rebellion and natural disasters.
Daoguang Emperor (b. 1782, r. 1821-1850) - ANSWER Emperor during the Qing dynasty
whose reign saw the worsening conflicts between foreign powers and Chinese interests
that culminated in the Opium War.
Lin Zexu (1785-1850) - ANSWER Scholar-official from Fujian province, appointed in 1838
as imperial commissioner to end opium trade. He led a moral campaign aimed at
domestic users of opium and at the same time attempted to stop foreign importation of
the drug. His confiscation and destruction in 1839 of 3 million pounds of opium from
British warehouses in Canton outraged British trading concerns and helped trigger the
Opium War (1839-1842).
Wei Yuan (1794-1856) - ANSWER Historian and geographer of the Qing dynasty who
strove to synthesize traditional scholarly knowledge and practical experience in the
attempt to find solutions for the ailments of the Qing government.
Ding Gongchen (1800-1875) - ANSWER Mechanical engineer who designed the first
Chinese steam engine in 1842.
Qiying (1787-1858) - ANSWER Chief Manchu negotiator, governor-general of Guangxi
and Guangdong, for the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) who later signed the Treaty of Wanghia
(1844) with the United States and an agreement with the French (1844) that closely
followed the American agreement. His view, shared by many at court, was that the
Westerners' prior motivation was commercial greed and that they could probably be
stalled on most other demands if their trade kept moving.
Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) - ANSWER Leader of the Taiping rebellion, would-be scholar
,of poor Hakka family who believed himself to be the brother of Jesus Christ sent by God
to drive the demon Manchus out of China. The Taiping rebellion he led almost ended the
Qing dynasty.
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) - ANSWER Concubine to Xianfeng emperor; mother
of the Tongzhi emperor. She held de facto power over the Qing government after
becoming regent to the Tongzhi emperor in 1861 and retained power through the
Guangxu emperor's reign.
Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850-1861) - ANSWER Son of the Daoguang emperor who ruled
during a period of continuing Sino-English conflict over treaty concessions. He was
forced to flee to Manchuria in 1860 by invading British troops, where he died the next
year, leaving power over the throne to his consort, the dowager empress Cixi.
Prince Gong, 1833-1898 ANSWER A son of the Daoguang emperor who negotiated the
Treaty of Tianjin in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860 on behalf of his
half-brother the Xianfeng emperor. He felt that the British and French could be
controlled and became an adviser to the empress dowager Cixi in 1861 he also headed
the Zongli Yamen and started instituting reforms in China.
Tongzhi Emperor (b. 1856, r. 1861-1875) - ANSWER Son of the Xianfeng emperor who
was placed on the throne as a child with his mother, Cixi, ruling as his regent. Cixi
continued to exercise power over his decisions until his death.
Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) - ANSWER Confucian statesman/general/scholar; leader of the
Hunan provincial army Xiang that defeated the Taiping forces in Nanjing and put an end
to the rebellion. He was one of the leading figures of Qing self-strengthening efforts who
believed in the adoption of modern military technology and who enlisted a coterie of
talented men around himself for service to the Qing cause. Zeng adhered to the strict
Confucian standards of discipline, diligence, and loyalty to the emperor.
Yung Wing (1828-1912) - ANSWER First Chinese to graduate from an American
university Yale that served the Qing's self-strengthening efforts by helping Zeng Guofan
purchase machine equipment and arms from the United States.
,Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885) - ANSWER Leader of the Qing armies that suppressed the
Muslim revolts in northwestern China and who played an important role in the Taiping
Rebellion. He founded the Fuzhou Shipyard in 1866.
Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) - ANSWER Leading Chinese statesman of the 19th century
and protégé of Zeng Guofan. Gained prominence working with Zeng in the conclusion of
the Taiping Rebellion. Li took over as the main negotiator of China with foreign powers
and did much to modernize China - established Western-style arsenals. Led the Chinese
New Army; his decision to hold back led to the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese
War.
Matthew Perry 1853-1854 - ANSWER American who had forced the Japanese to end
their isolation and to acknowledge the realities of international relations and foreign
trade.
Guangxu Emperor b. 1871, r. 1875-1908 - ANSWER Nephew of Xianfeng emperor who
was chosen by his aunt Cixi to be the next emperor of the Qing dynasty. Sympathetic to
the appeals of Confucian reformers like Kang Youwei, Guangxu helped launch the
Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898 but was imprisoned by Cixi that same year for allegedly
plotting against her rule. He was poisoned in 1908 by Cixi while under house arrest.
Kang Youwei (1858-1927) - ANSWER Confucian scholar, influential in the late Qing
reform movements, who held that economic and political modernization could take
place within a Confucian political and moral framework. His plans for reform were
supported by the Guangxu emperor in the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898.
Young John Allen (1836-1907) - ANSWER Educated (Emory) American who emigrated to
China (Shanghai) as part of the Southern Methodist missionary movement at the time of
the Taiping Rebellion. He founded a newspaper - Church News which later became the
Review of the Times in 1874. Allen's example stimulated Kang Youwei in the founding of
his newspaper.
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) - ANSWER Considered the father of the Chinese republican
revolution. He was an anti-Manchu activist and helped to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
As leader of the Guomindang he struggled against warlord factions to try to unite China
throughout the 1910's and early 1920's. The following year, 1920, Sun accepted the
Soviet Union's offer of aid and forged a united-front alliance with the CCP. He died in
, 1925, thus leaving the leadership of the Guomindang to his successor, Chiang Kai-shek.
Yuan Shikai 1859-1916 - ANSWER Leader of the powerful Beiyang army; first loyal to the
empress dowager Cixi, then key in negotiating the 1912 abdication of the Qing. Upon his
rise to power due to military strength, Sun Yat-sen made Yuan the president of the new
republic. Yuan negotiated the emperor's (Puyi) abdication in exchange for being named
president. Yuan abused this office, purging the Parliament and proclaiming himself
emperor in 1915.
Song Jiaoren (1882-1913) - ANSWER Early leader of the Guomindang. An ardent critic of
Yuan Shikai, Song was assassinated on his way to assuming his leadership role in the
first nationally elected parliament -after which Yuan Shikai declared himself emperor.
Warlords-ANSWER Men who held provincial power and controlled much of China in the
early 20th century and who came from a wide range of backgrounds and maintained
their power in different ways. These men held power over territories both large and
small.
Guo Muruo (1892-1978) - ANSWER A poet of the May Fourth movement who wrote in the
vernacular, or modern standard, language that was comprehensible by uneducated
readers and listeners. His writings seemed to echo the explosive excitement of China's
youth.
Lu Xun (1881-1936) - ANSWER A May Fourth movement author known to write in the
vernacular. He was known for writing the "Diary of a Madman" in 1918.
Mao Zedong (1893-1976) - ANSWER Early member of the CCP who joined while working
in the Peking University library under Li Dazhao. Rose to party leadership by the 1930s,
advocating that China's Marxist revolution would be won by the peasants, not by an
urban proletariat. Led the CCP on the Long march and then established the People's
Republic of China in 1949.
Ailing Soong 1890-1973 - ANSWER Oldest of the three Soong sisters. Married "money."
Wife of financier/industrialist H.H. Kong, the so-called kingmaker of the Soong sisters.
