Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9 Exam Questions
With Detailed Answers
Albert Bandura - Social learning theory - Learning is a cognitive process that takes
place in a social context and can occur purely through observation and direct
instruction.
/.Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning - It is best for learners to discover facts and
relationships for themselves.
/.Constructivism theory - Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey- People construct their
own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and
reflecting on those experiences.
/.John Dewey - The father of progressive education.
All for progressive education which emphasized the need to learn by doing. He believed
that human beings learn through "hands on" approach. Project based learning!
/.Pragmatists - They believe that reality must be experienced.
/.Erik Erikson - eight stages of psychosocial development in which a healthy developing
individual passes through from infancy to adulthood.
/.Carol Gilligan - The ethics of care is a theory about what makes actions morally right
or wrong. She has feminist roots that tie into this.
/.Lawrence Kohlberg - Theory of moral development which states that morality starts
from childhood years and can be affected by several factors. Morality an be developed
either negatively or positively, depending on how an individual accomplishes the tasks
before him during each stage of moral development across lifespan.
/.Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of needs. Students need to have basic needs met and
feel safe before learning can occur.
/.Maria Montessori - A child centered educational approach. "Follow the hid, they will
show you what they need to do."
/.Jean Piaget - Four stages of cognitive development. Children learn through actively
constructing knowledge through hands-on experience - is a description of cognitive
development (sensorimotor pre-operational, concrete, and formal).
, /.B.F. Skinner - Developed the theory of operant conditioning - A behaviorist idea that
behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments,
which make it more or less likely that the behavior occur again.
/.Lev Vygotsky - Created the Zone of Proximal Development - children learn through
hands-on experience, but unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive
intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task could help
children learn new tasks. This technique is called "scaffolding," because it builds upon
knowledge children already have with new knowledge that adults can help the child
learn.
/.Cooperative learning - students working in small groups is a successful teaching
strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a
variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member
of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also helping.
Teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through
assignments until all group members successfully understand and complete it.
/.Direct Instruction - Explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of
the material, rather than exploratory models such as inquiry-based learning.
/.Discovery Learning - Exploration of data and experiences. It's a method of inquiry-
based instruction. Believes it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for
themselves. As a result, students may be more likely to remember concepts and
knowledge discovered on their own.
/.Whole-group discussion - A form of classroom lecture where the focus is shared
between the instructor and the students for information transfer.
/.Independent study - students sets own mode of study with goals.
/.Interdisciplinary instruction - A method used to teach a unit across different curricular
disciplines. Integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment.
/.Concept Mapping - A technique for representing knowledge in graphs. Knowledge
graphs are networks of concepts.
/.Inquiry method - Gathering facts and observations to investigate real world problems.
It's a student-centered method of educational focused on asking questions. Good
learners center their attention and activity on the process of inquiry itself, not merely on
the end product of knowledge.
/.Major categories of instructional strategies include - Direct instruction, discovery
learning, whole group discussion, independent study, interdisciplinary instruction,
concept mapping, inquiry method.
With Detailed Answers
Albert Bandura - Social learning theory - Learning is a cognitive process that takes
place in a social context and can occur purely through observation and direct
instruction.
/.Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning - It is best for learners to discover facts and
relationships for themselves.
/.Constructivism theory - Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey- People construct their
own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and
reflecting on those experiences.
/.John Dewey - The father of progressive education.
All for progressive education which emphasized the need to learn by doing. He believed
that human beings learn through "hands on" approach. Project based learning!
/.Pragmatists - They believe that reality must be experienced.
/.Erik Erikson - eight stages of psychosocial development in which a healthy developing
individual passes through from infancy to adulthood.
/.Carol Gilligan - The ethics of care is a theory about what makes actions morally right
or wrong. She has feminist roots that tie into this.
/.Lawrence Kohlberg - Theory of moral development which states that morality starts
from childhood years and can be affected by several factors. Morality an be developed
either negatively or positively, depending on how an individual accomplishes the tasks
before him during each stage of moral development across lifespan.
/.Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of needs. Students need to have basic needs met and
feel safe before learning can occur.
/.Maria Montessori - A child centered educational approach. "Follow the hid, they will
show you what they need to do."
/.Jean Piaget - Four stages of cognitive development. Children learn through actively
constructing knowledge through hands-on experience - is a description of cognitive
development (sensorimotor pre-operational, concrete, and formal).
, /.B.F. Skinner - Developed the theory of operant conditioning - A behaviorist idea that
behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments,
which make it more or less likely that the behavior occur again.
/.Lev Vygotsky - Created the Zone of Proximal Development - children learn through
hands-on experience, but unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive
intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task could help
children learn new tasks. This technique is called "scaffolding," because it builds upon
knowledge children already have with new knowledge that adults can help the child
learn.
/.Cooperative learning - students working in small groups is a successful teaching
strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a
variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member
of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also helping.
Teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through
assignments until all group members successfully understand and complete it.
/.Direct Instruction - Explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of
the material, rather than exploratory models such as inquiry-based learning.
/.Discovery Learning - Exploration of data and experiences. It's a method of inquiry-
based instruction. Believes it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for
themselves. As a result, students may be more likely to remember concepts and
knowledge discovered on their own.
/.Whole-group discussion - A form of classroom lecture where the focus is shared
between the instructor and the students for information transfer.
/.Independent study - students sets own mode of study with goals.
/.Interdisciplinary instruction - A method used to teach a unit across different curricular
disciplines. Integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment.
/.Concept Mapping - A technique for representing knowledge in graphs. Knowledge
graphs are networks of concepts.
/.Inquiry method - Gathering facts and observations to investigate real world problems.
It's a student-centered method of educational focused on asking questions. Good
learners center their attention and activity on the process of inquiry itself, not merely on
the end product of knowledge.
/.Major categories of instructional strategies include - Direct instruction, discovery
learning, whole group discussion, independent study, interdisciplinary instruction,
concept mapping, inquiry method.
