RUTGERS BIOLOGY 115 – FINAL
EXAM 2024/2025
Evolution - ANS >>Descent with modification
Fossils - ANS >>Remains or traces of organisms from the past
Strata - ANS >>New layers of sediment cover old ones and compress them into super-imposed layers of
rock
Adaptations - ANS >>Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction
in specific environments
Natural Selection - ANS >>A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive
and reproduce at hight rates than other individuals because of their traits
Artificial Selection - ANS >>Selecting and breeding individuals that possess desire traits
Homology - ANS >>Similarity resulting from common ancestry
Vestigial Structures - ANS >>Remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors
Evolutionary Tree - ANS >>A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
Convergent Evolution - ANS >>Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
Analogous - ANS >>Features share similar function, but not common ancestry
Biogeography - ANS >>The study of geographic distributions of species
,Endemic - ANS >>Found no where else in the world
Microevolution - ANS >>Focusing on evolutionary change in populations on it's smallest scale
Genetic Variation - ANS >>Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA
sequences
Neutral Variation - ANS >>Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or
disadvantage
Gene Pool - ANS >>Consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the
population
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - ANS >>Population that is not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies
will remain constant from generation to generation
Hardy-Weinberg Equation - ANS >>p^2+2pq+q^2
Genetic Drift - ANS >>Allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next,
especially in small populations
Founder Effect - ANS >>When a few individuals become isolated form a larger population whose gene
pool differs from the source of the population
Bottleneck Effect - ANS >>A severe drop in population size (caused by natural disaster)
Gene Flow - ANS >>Transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile
individuals or their gametes
Relative Fitness - ANS >>The contribution and individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
relative to the contributions of the other individuals
, Directional Selection - ANS >>When conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of phenotypic
range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or
the other
Disruptive Selection - ANS >>When conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range
over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
Stabilizing Selection - ANS >>Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
Sexual Selection - ANS >>Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited
characteristic are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
Sexual Dimorphism - ANS >>Difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of
same species
Intrasexual Selection - ANS >>Selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for
mates of the opposite sex
Intersexual Selection - ANS >>Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their males from the opposite
sex
Balancing Selection - ANS >>Heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection
Heterozygote Advantage - ANS >>Heterozygote at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both
kinds of homozygotes
Frequency-Dependent Selection - ANS >>The fitness of a phenotype depends of how common it is in a
population
Speciation - ANS >>process by which one species splits into two or more species
EXAM 2024/2025
Evolution - ANS >>Descent with modification
Fossils - ANS >>Remains or traces of organisms from the past
Strata - ANS >>New layers of sediment cover old ones and compress them into super-imposed layers of
rock
Adaptations - ANS >>Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction
in specific environments
Natural Selection - ANS >>A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive
and reproduce at hight rates than other individuals because of their traits
Artificial Selection - ANS >>Selecting and breeding individuals that possess desire traits
Homology - ANS >>Similarity resulting from common ancestry
Vestigial Structures - ANS >>Remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors
Evolutionary Tree - ANS >>A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
Convergent Evolution - ANS >>Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
Analogous - ANS >>Features share similar function, but not common ancestry
Biogeography - ANS >>The study of geographic distributions of species
,Endemic - ANS >>Found no where else in the world
Microevolution - ANS >>Focusing on evolutionary change in populations on it's smallest scale
Genetic Variation - ANS >>Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA
sequences
Neutral Variation - ANS >>Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or
disadvantage
Gene Pool - ANS >>Consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the
population
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - ANS >>Population that is not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies
will remain constant from generation to generation
Hardy-Weinberg Equation - ANS >>p^2+2pq+q^2
Genetic Drift - ANS >>Allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next,
especially in small populations
Founder Effect - ANS >>When a few individuals become isolated form a larger population whose gene
pool differs from the source of the population
Bottleneck Effect - ANS >>A severe drop in population size (caused by natural disaster)
Gene Flow - ANS >>Transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile
individuals or their gametes
Relative Fitness - ANS >>The contribution and individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
relative to the contributions of the other individuals
, Directional Selection - ANS >>When conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of phenotypic
range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or
the other
Disruptive Selection - ANS >>When conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range
over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
Stabilizing Selection - ANS >>Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
Sexual Selection - ANS >>Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited
characteristic are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
Sexual Dimorphism - ANS >>Difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of
same species
Intrasexual Selection - ANS >>Selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for
mates of the opposite sex
Intersexual Selection - ANS >>Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their males from the opposite
sex
Balancing Selection - ANS >>Heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection
Heterozygote Advantage - ANS >>Heterozygote at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both
kinds of homozygotes
Frequency-Dependent Selection - ANS >>The fitness of a phenotype depends of how common it is in a
population
Speciation - ANS >>process by which one species splits into two or more species
