Neonatal and Pediatric
n n
Respiratory Care 5th Edition
n n n n
Walsh Test Bank A+
n n n n
, Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development Test Bank n n n n n n
MULTIPLE CHOICE n
1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by the
n n n n n n n n n n n n
formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
n n n n n n n n
a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D n
The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17 weeks
n n n n n n n n n n n
to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
passages.
n
During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of gestation,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system develops, ending
n n n n n n n n n n n n
with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which takes place from
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weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs that later become
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alveoli.
n
During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas- exchanging surface area
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage is arbitrary. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is represented by the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
establishment of alveoli.
n n n
REF: pp. 3-5 n n
2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli that
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
will be present in the lungs for life develop?
n n n n n n n n n
a. 6 months
n
,b. 1 year
n
c. 1.5 years
n
d. 2 years
n
ANS: C n
Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life. At 2
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2 years of age,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the alveoli
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
continueto increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
n n n n n n n n n n
REF: p. 6n n
3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress due to
n n n n n n n n n n n n
tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem develop?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A n
The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
development during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by an abnormally
n n n n n n n n n n n n
low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely),
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
severerespiratory distress can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along
n n n n n n n n n n n n
with insufficient and immature surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
constellation of problems known as infant respiratory distress syndrome.
n n n n n n n n n
, REF: p. 6 n n
4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible association
n n n n n n n n n n n
between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
n n n n n
I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism n n
II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall n n n n n
III. Interference with fetal breathing n n n
IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid
n n n n n
a. I and III only
n n n
b. II and III only
n n n
c. I, II, and IV only
n n n n
d. II, III, and IV only
n n n n
ANS: D n
Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
with or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The mechanisms by which
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possible explanations for
n n n n n n n n n n n
reducedquantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the chest wall, interference
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These clinical and experimental
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
observations possibly point to a common denominator, lung stretch, as being a major growth
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
stimulant.
n
REF: pp. 6-7
n n
5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
n n
Respiratory Care 5th Edition
n n n n
Walsh Test Bank A+
n n n n
, Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development Test Bank n n n n n n
MULTIPLE CHOICE n
1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by the
n n n n n n n n n n n n
formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
n n n n n n n n
a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D n
The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17 weeks
n n n n n n n n n n n
to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
passages.
n
During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of gestation,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system develops, ending
n n n n n n n n n n n n
with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which takes place from
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs that later become
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alveoli.
n
During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas- exchanging surface area
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage is arbitrary. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is represented by the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
establishment of alveoli.
n n n
REF: pp. 3-5 n n
2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli that
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
will be present in the lungs for life develop?
n n n n n n n n n
a. 6 months
n
,b. 1 year
n
c. 1.5 years
n
d. 2 years
n
ANS: C n
Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life. At 2
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2 years of age,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the alveoli
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
continueto increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
n n n n n n n n n n
REF: p. 6n n
3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress due to
n n n n n n n n n n n n
tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem develop?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A n
The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
development during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by an abnormally
n n n n n n n n n n n n
low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely),
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
severerespiratory distress can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along
n n n n n n n n n n n n
with insufficient and immature surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
constellation of problems known as infant respiratory distress syndrome.
n n n n n n n n n
, REF: p. 6 n n
4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible association
n n n n n n n n n n n
between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
n n n n n
I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism n n
II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall n n n n n
III. Interference with fetal breathing n n n
IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid
n n n n n
a. I and III only
n n n
b. II and III only
n n n
c. I, II, and IV only
n n n n
d. II, III, and IV only
n n n n
ANS: D n
Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
with or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The mechanisms by which
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possible explanations for
n n n n n n n n n n n
reducedquantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the chest wall, interference
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These clinical and experimental
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
observations possibly point to a common denominator, lung stretch, as being a major growth
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
stimulant.
n
REF: pp. 6-7
n n
5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
