The cstructure cof ca cstrand cof cDNA. c- c✅✅-it cis ca cdouble chelix, clike ca
ctwisted cladder.
the cladder crings care cnucleotide csubunits cand cthey chave ca ccovalent cbond
cto cthe csugar cphosphate cbackbone c(made cof cdeoxyribose cand ca
cphosphate cgroup)
What care cthe cnucleotide csubunits? c- c✅✅-adenine, cguanine, ccytosine,
cand cthymine
How care cthe csubunits cheld ctogether? c- c✅✅-through ca chydrogen cbond
What care cthe cnucleotide csubunits ccompliments? c- c✅✅-Adenine cand
cthymine
cytosine cand cguanine
How cdoes cDNA creplicate? c- c✅✅-the cparent cstrand cbreaks coff cinto ctwo
cand cthen cenzymes c(DNA cpolymerases) cattach cthe ccomplimentary
cnucleotide cto ceach cside, ccreating ctwo cseparate cdaughter cstrands
What cis cthe clocation csite cof cwhere cDNA creplication cbegins con cthe cdouble
chelix ccalled? c- c✅✅-the corigins cof creplication
What cis ccreated cwhen creplication cproceeds cin cboth cdirections? c-
✅✅-replication cbubbles, cthey care ccreated cbecause cat cthe corigin cthe
creplication cprocess cproceeds cin cother cdirections, ccreating ca cbubble.
What cis cthe creplication cforks? c- c✅✅-It cis cthe clocation cwhere cthe cparent
ccells cis cseparating cand cthe ccomplimentary cnucleotide cis cbeing cadded
ccreating cthe ctwo cnew cstrands
How cdoes cDNA cdetermine cspecific ctraits c(phenotypes)? c- c✅✅-
Phenotypes carise cfrom cthe cactions cof ca cwide cvariety cof cproteins. cTo cget
cthese cproteins cthis cis cwhat chappens. cDNA ctransfers cgenetic cinformation
cthrough ctranscription cto cRNA. cThen cthrough ctranslation cgenetic cinfo cis
ctransferred cfrom cRNA cinto ca cpolypeptide c(protein cstrand)
, What cis cthe cstructure cof cRNA? c- c✅✅-It cis ca csingle-stranded cnucleic
cacid. cit cis cthe csame cas cDNA cexcept cit cuses cribose cinstead cof
cdeoxyribose cin cthe csugar cphosphate cbackbone cand cit cuses curacil
cinstead cof cthymine
tRNA c- c✅✅-transfer cRNA: ctranslation cof cthe cgenetic cmessage ccarried cin
cthe cmRNA cinto cthe camino cacid clanguage cof cproteins c(converts cthe
three-letter cwords, ccodons, cof cnucleic cacids cto cthe camino cacid cwords cof
cproteins)
What cis cthe cfunction cof cmRNA? c- c✅✅-Messenger cmolecules ccarry cthe
ccoding csequences cfor cprotein csynthesis cand care ccalled ctranscripts.
rRNA c- c✅✅-ribsosomal cRNA
makes cup cribosomes cwhich care cthe corganelles cin cthe ccytoplasm cthat
ccoordinate cthe cfunctioning cof cmRNA cand ctRNA cand cactually cmake
cpolypeptides
What ctwo cprocesses cdo cgenes ccode cfor cspecific cproteins? c-
✅✅-transcription cand ctranslation
What cis ctranscription cand cwhere cdoes cit ctake cplace? c- c✅✅-Transcription
cis cthe csynthesis cof cmRNA cunder cthe cdirection cof cDNA, cnucleus
What cis ctranslation cand cwhere cdoes cit ctake cplace? c- c✅✅-It cis cthe
csynthesis cof ca cpolypeptide c(later cbecomes ca cprotein) cunder cthe
cdirection cof cmRNA coccurs con cribosomes cin cthe ccytoplasm
What cis cthe cstructure cof ctRNA? c- c✅✅-It cis cmade cof ca csingle cstrand cof
cRNA. cconsisting cof cabout c80 cnucleotides. cChain ctwists cand cfolds cupon
citself, cforming cseveral cdouble-stranded cregions cin cwhich cshort cstretches
cof cRNA cbase-pair cwith cother cstretches. cone cend chas ca cspecial ctriplet cof
cbases ccalled canticodons. cit cis ccomplementary cto ca ccodon ctriplet con
cmRNA. con cthe cother cside cthere cis can camino cacid cattachment csite.
What cis ca cmutation? c- c✅✅-It cis ca cchange cin cthe cgenetic cmaterial c(the
cnucleotide csequence) cof ca ccell's cDNA.
What cis ca cpoint cmutation? c- c✅✅-It cis ca cchange cin conce cbase cpair cof ca
cgene.
What cis ca cplasmid? c- c✅✅-A csmall cring cof cself-replicating cDNA cseparate
ctwisted cladder.
the cladder crings care cnucleotide csubunits cand cthey chave ca ccovalent cbond
cto cthe csugar cphosphate cbackbone c(made cof cdeoxyribose cand ca
cphosphate cgroup)
What care cthe cnucleotide csubunits? c- c✅✅-adenine, cguanine, ccytosine,
cand cthymine
How care cthe csubunits cheld ctogether? c- c✅✅-through ca chydrogen cbond
What care cthe cnucleotide csubunits ccompliments? c- c✅✅-Adenine cand
cthymine
cytosine cand cguanine
How cdoes cDNA creplicate? c- c✅✅-the cparent cstrand cbreaks coff cinto ctwo
cand cthen cenzymes c(DNA cpolymerases) cattach cthe ccomplimentary
cnucleotide cto ceach cside, ccreating ctwo cseparate cdaughter cstrands
What cis cthe clocation csite cof cwhere cDNA creplication cbegins con cthe cdouble
chelix ccalled? c- c✅✅-the corigins cof creplication
What cis ccreated cwhen creplication cproceeds cin cboth cdirections? c-
✅✅-replication cbubbles, cthey care ccreated cbecause cat cthe corigin cthe
creplication cprocess cproceeds cin cother cdirections, ccreating ca cbubble.
What cis cthe creplication cforks? c- c✅✅-It cis cthe clocation cwhere cthe cparent
ccells cis cseparating cand cthe ccomplimentary cnucleotide cis cbeing cadded
ccreating cthe ctwo cnew cstrands
How cdoes cDNA cdetermine cspecific ctraits c(phenotypes)? c- c✅✅-
Phenotypes carise cfrom cthe cactions cof ca cwide cvariety cof cproteins. cTo cget
cthese cproteins cthis cis cwhat chappens. cDNA ctransfers cgenetic cinformation
cthrough ctranscription cto cRNA. cThen cthrough ctranslation cgenetic cinfo cis
ctransferred cfrom cRNA cinto ca cpolypeptide c(protein cstrand)
, What cis cthe cstructure cof cRNA? c- c✅✅-It cis ca csingle-stranded cnucleic
cacid. cit cis cthe csame cas cDNA cexcept cit cuses cribose cinstead cof
cdeoxyribose cin cthe csugar cphosphate cbackbone cand cit cuses curacil
cinstead cof cthymine
tRNA c- c✅✅-transfer cRNA: ctranslation cof cthe cgenetic cmessage ccarried cin
cthe cmRNA cinto cthe camino cacid clanguage cof cproteins c(converts cthe
three-letter cwords, ccodons, cof cnucleic cacids cto cthe camino cacid cwords cof
cproteins)
What cis cthe cfunction cof cmRNA? c- c✅✅-Messenger cmolecules ccarry cthe
ccoding csequences cfor cprotein csynthesis cand care ccalled ctranscripts.
rRNA c- c✅✅-ribsosomal cRNA
makes cup cribosomes cwhich care cthe corganelles cin cthe ccytoplasm cthat
ccoordinate cthe cfunctioning cof cmRNA cand ctRNA cand cactually cmake
cpolypeptides
What ctwo cprocesses cdo cgenes ccode cfor cspecific cproteins? c-
✅✅-transcription cand ctranslation
What cis ctranscription cand cwhere cdoes cit ctake cplace? c- c✅✅-Transcription
cis cthe csynthesis cof cmRNA cunder cthe cdirection cof cDNA, cnucleus
What cis ctranslation cand cwhere cdoes cit ctake cplace? c- c✅✅-It cis cthe
csynthesis cof ca cpolypeptide c(later cbecomes ca cprotein) cunder cthe
cdirection cof cmRNA coccurs con cribosomes cin cthe ccytoplasm
What cis cthe cstructure cof ctRNA? c- c✅✅-It cis cmade cof ca csingle cstrand cof
cRNA. cconsisting cof cabout c80 cnucleotides. cChain ctwists cand cfolds cupon
citself, cforming cseveral cdouble-stranded cregions cin cwhich cshort cstretches
cof cRNA cbase-pair cwith cother cstretches. cone cend chas ca cspecial ctriplet cof
cbases ccalled canticodons. cit cis ccomplementary cto ca ccodon ctriplet con
cmRNA. con cthe cother cside cthere cis can camino cacid cattachment csite.
What cis ca cmutation? c- c✅✅-It cis ca cchange cin cthe cgenetic cmaterial c(the
cnucleotide csequence) cof ca ccell's cDNA.
What cis ca cpoint cmutation? c- c✅✅-It cis ca cchange cin conce cbase cpair cof ca
cgene.
What cis ca cplasmid? c- c✅✅-A csmall cring cof cself-replicating cDNA cseparate
