1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
Urinalysis & Other Body Fluids
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Normal urine color range
✓ Clear, straw, yellow, amber
Abnormal urine color and causes:
✓ BROWN: old/lysed rbcs, melanin, acids, meds, hgb, myoglobin, foods
✓ BLACK: Porphyrins and Malaria
✓ RED/PINK: RBCS, hgb, myoglobin, foods
✓ ORANGE: Pyridium (UTI drug)
✓ BLUE/GREEN: Bacterial inf, Pseudomonas spp., Intestinal tract inf. meds
✓ AMBER: bilirubin
Clarity Levels (3 classifications)
✓ Clear
✓ Hazy(read words behind it)
✓ Cloudy/Turbid (can't read anything)
Specific Gravity Definition
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ A ratio of mass contained in a volume of liquid to the mass contained
in an equal volume of pure water at the same temperature.
Specific Gravity: Measures and Purpose
✓ Measures: # of dissolved solutes in a solution
✓ Purpose: Determine pts. kidney function (reabsorption/ urine
concentration)
✓ Detects ADH abnormalities
✓ Formula: (grams of urine/mL of urine) 1mL/g
✓ Reference Range: 1.003- 1.035
Osmolality Definition
✓ Concentration of dissolved solutes per kg of solvent
What is measured using freezing point depression and vapor pressure
depression?
✓ Osmolality
Osmolality Clinical Significance
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ Significantly decreased in patients with acute tubular necrosis because
the kidneys are unable to concentrate the urine. (Depends on pt.
hydration status)
Osmolality Levels: Increased, Normal, Decreased
✓ above 1100 mOsm/kg =decreased fluid intake
✓ Normal: 300-900 mOsm/kg
✓ Below 100 mOsm/kg =excessive fluid intake OR Diabetes insipidus
Reagent Strip: TEST, Clinical Significance, Reaction
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
Urinalysis & Other Body Fluids
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Normal urine color range
✓ Clear, straw, yellow, amber
Abnormal urine color and causes:
✓ BROWN: old/lysed rbcs, melanin, acids, meds, hgb, myoglobin, foods
✓ BLACK: Porphyrins and Malaria
✓ RED/PINK: RBCS, hgb, myoglobin, foods
✓ ORANGE: Pyridium (UTI drug)
✓ BLUE/GREEN: Bacterial inf, Pseudomonas spp., Intestinal tract inf. meds
✓ AMBER: bilirubin
Clarity Levels (3 classifications)
✓ Clear
✓ Hazy(read words behind it)
✓ Cloudy/Turbid (can't read anything)
Specific Gravity Definition
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ A ratio of mass contained in a volume of liquid to the mass contained
in an equal volume of pure water at the same temperature.
Specific Gravity: Measures and Purpose
✓ Measures: # of dissolved solutes in a solution
✓ Purpose: Determine pts. kidney function (reabsorption/ urine
concentration)
✓ Detects ADH abnormalities
✓ Formula: (grams of urine/mL of urine) 1mL/g
✓ Reference Range: 1.003- 1.035
Osmolality Definition
✓ Concentration of dissolved solutes per kg of solvent
What is measured using freezing point depression and vapor pressure
depression?
✓ Osmolality
Osmolality Clinical Significance
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ Significantly decreased in patients with acute tubular necrosis because
the kidneys are unable to concentrate the urine. (Depends on pt.
hydration status)
Osmolality Levels: Increased, Normal, Decreased
✓ above 1100 mOsm/kg =decreased fluid intake
✓ Normal: 300-900 mOsm/kg
✓ Below 100 mOsm/kg =excessive fluid intake OR Diabetes insipidus
Reagent Strip: TEST, Clinical Significance, Reaction
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
