1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
OTD Questions and Answers (100%
Pass)
Management as control
✓ Management involving planning, organizing, commanding,
coordinating and controlling; the organization is treated as a machine
Management as shaping
✓ Managing is about shaping an organization and what happens in it;
the organization is anthropomorphised.
Empirical-rational strategies
✓ assume that people are rational and follow their own self-interest.
Normative-re-educative strategies
✓ assume that changes occur when people dispense with their old,
normative orientations and gain commitment to new ones.
Power-coercive strategies
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
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✓ rely upon achieving intentional change by those with greater
(legitimate, coercive) power gaining compliance in behavior from
those with lesser power.
Change manager as Director
✓ Change is a strategic choice that managers make and the survival
and general well-being fo the organization depends on them.
Change manager as navigator
✓ Change is partially controllable with change managers as navigators
that navigate the process toward an outcome not all of which will be
intentional.
Change manager as caretaker
✓ Management is still seen as control, but the ability to exercise control is
severely constrained by a variety of forces (internally & externally), that
propel change relatively independent of a manager's intentions;
managers are caretakers, shepherding their organization along as they
can.
Life-cycle Theory
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ organizations go through a natural, development cycle (birth - growth -
maturity - decline/death) and change managers can do little to stop
this.
Population Ecology Theory
✓ focus on how the environment selects organizations for survival or
extinction
Institutional Theory
✓ There are external forces that are inexorable and individual managers
have only limited ability to implement change outcomes that are at
odds with these forces.
Change manager as coach
✓ Change managers are able to intentionally change the organization's
capabilities in particular ways, to ensure success in a competitive
situation; building the right set of values, skills, drills.
Change manager as interpreter
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
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✓ Change managers need to be able to provide legitimate arguments
and reasons for why their actions fit within the situation and should be
viewed as legitimate, to organizational members.
Change manager as nuturer
✓ Assumes that even small changes may have a large impact on
organizations and managers are not able to control the outcome of
these changes.
Chaos theory
✓ assumes that organizational change is nonlinear, is fundamental rather
than incremental, and does not necessarily entail growth.
Confusion/Taoist Theory
✓ organizational change outcomes are not intended so much as
produced through the nurturing of a harmonious Yin-Yang philosophy
in which each new order contains its own negotiation.
Mimetic isomorphism
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
OTD Questions and Answers (100%
Pass)
Management as control
✓ Management involving planning, organizing, commanding,
coordinating and controlling; the organization is treated as a machine
Management as shaping
✓ Managing is about shaping an organization and what happens in it;
the organization is anthropomorphised.
Empirical-rational strategies
✓ assume that people are rational and follow their own self-interest.
Normative-re-educative strategies
✓ assume that changes occur when people dispense with their old,
normative orientations and gain commitment to new ones.
Power-coercive strategies
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ rely upon achieving intentional change by those with greater
(legitimate, coercive) power gaining compliance in behavior from
those with lesser power.
Change manager as Director
✓ Change is a strategic choice that managers make and the survival
and general well-being fo the organization depends on them.
Change manager as navigator
✓ Change is partially controllable with change managers as navigators
that navigate the process toward an outcome not all of which will be
intentional.
Change manager as caretaker
✓ Management is still seen as control, but the ability to exercise control is
severely constrained by a variety of forces (internally & externally), that
propel change relatively independent of a manager's intentions;
managers are caretakers, shepherding their organization along as they
can.
Life-cycle Theory
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ organizations go through a natural, development cycle (birth - growth -
maturity - decline/death) and change managers can do little to stop
this.
Population Ecology Theory
✓ focus on how the environment selects organizations for survival or
extinction
Institutional Theory
✓ There are external forces that are inexorable and individual managers
have only limited ability to implement change outcomes that are at
odds with these forces.
Change manager as coach
✓ Change managers are able to intentionally change the organization's
capabilities in particular ways, to ensure success in a competitive
situation; building the right set of values, skills, drills.
Change manager as interpreter
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ Change managers need to be able to provide legitimate arguments
and reasons for why their actions fit within the situation and should be
viewed as legitimate, to organizational members.
Change manager as nuturer
✓ Assumes that even small changes may have a large impact on
organizations and managers are not able to control the outcome of
these changes.
Chaos theory
✓ assumes that organizational change is nonlinear, is fundamental rather
than incremental, and does not necessarily entail growth.
Confusion/Taoist Theory
✓ organizational change outcomes are not intended so much as
produced through the nurturing of a harmonious Yin-Yang philosophy
in which each new order contains its own negotiation.
Mimetic isomorphism
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
