Bioinformatics Chapter 18 Exam Questions with Complete Answers Latest Update 2024

Bioinformatics Chapter 18 Exam Questions with Complete Answers Latest Update 2024 Bioinformatics - Answers ∗Computational Biology or the field of science in which biology, computer science and information technology merge to form a single discipline ∗Finding genes of various organisms ∗Predicting structure or function of newly developed proteins ∗Developing protein models and examining evolutionary relationships Translational Bioinformatics - Answers ∗Simply put, is the specialization of bioinformatics for human health **the identified area of focus in bioinformatics that is focused primarily on the use of bioinformatics approaches to address challenges in biomedicine and health. A significant goal of TBI is to enable bi-directional crossing of the translational barrier between the research bench and the bed in the medical clinic. Genomics - Answers ∗the field that analyzes genetic material from a species Proteomics - Answers ∗the study at the level of proteins (e.g., through gene expression) Pharmacogenomics - Answers ∗the study of genetic material in relationship with drug targets Metabolomics - Answers ∗ the study of genes, proteins or metabolites Importance of Bioinformatics - Answers ∗Diagnosing hereditary diseases ∗Discovering future drugs targets ∗Developing personalized drugs based on genetic profiles (personalized medicine) ∗Developing gene therapies to treat diseases with a strong genomic component (e.g. cancer) phenotype - Answers the observable characteristic, structure, function and behavior of a living organism. Size and hair color could be examples. Phenotype is strongly guided by the genotype. The Phenome refers to total phenotypic traits. Genotype - Answers based on the raw genetic information that is associated with a phenotype or regulation of biological function. The genome is the total of genotypic traits Genomic Primer - Answers *∗Humans have a pair of 23 chromosomes- XY chromosome for males and XX for females *offspring inherit one pair from each parent - Variations in genomes known as *SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms* - Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) - Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) Genome - Answers a complete set of genes, humans have 20,000-30,000 genes, genomes among all of us are 99.9% the same single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - Answers Variations in genomes between individuals Genome-wide associations studies (GWASs) - Answers ∗conducted where two groups of participants are studied; those with a disease of interest, compared with those without the disease. The variations or SNPs discovered are said to be associated with the disease, but true cause and effect is often unclear phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) - Answers ∗comparing genes to disease associations, most recently using the electronic health record for phenotypical information Pharmacogenetics: Importance - Answers ∗New indications for an old drug (drug repurposing) ∗New targets for existing drugs (e.g., treatment of tongue cancer using RET inhibitors) ∗Drugs to work better in certain patient groups (gender, age, race, ethnicity, etc.) with possible genetic variants ∗What drugs to avoid due to higher incidence of side effects that are genetically modulated ∗Improve clinical decision support for electronic health records