Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024

Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024 Genome - Answers Complete set of DNA in a singe cell of an organism Genomics - Answers Study of genomes. Allows the sequencing of entire genomes, and encompasses structural, functional, comparative, and meta-, genomics Structural genomics - Answers Sequencing genomes and analyzing nucleotide sequences to identify genes and other important sequences such as gene-regulatory elements Whole genome shotgun method (shotgun cloning) - Answers Most widely used strategy for sequencing and assembling entire genomes. Involves genomic DNA cut into multiple overlapping fragments by restriction enzyme digestion to create a series of contiguous fragments (contigs). The overlapping sequenced fragments are aligned using computer program to assemble entire chromosome; fragments aligning based on identical DNA sequences, like putting together a puzzle with nucleotide sequences Comparative genomics - Answers Compares the genomes of different organisms incorporating the study of gene and genomic evolution, explores the relationship between organisms and the environment, and studies differences and similarities between organisms and how differences contribute to phenotype, life cycles, etc. Complete sequences of various organisms show how they compare to human genes. Many mutated genes involved in human disease also present in model organisms. Prokaryotic Genomes - Answers Many already sequenced from organisms causing human diseases. Bac have a singular, circular chromosome (with much variation in chromosome organization and number among species), very high gene density and most of it coding (functional) DNA, bac DNA contains operons Eukaryotic genomes - Answers Much diversity and complexity. Basic features similar in different species though size is variable. Gene density varies chromosome to chromosome, introns also vary in genomes and genes, and about half the human genome is repetitive DNA Genome similarity percentage as compared to human DNA - Answers 30% yeast, 80% mice, 98% chimpanzees, 75% dog, 99% Neanderthal Dog Genome - Answers Completed 2005. 75% similar genome to humans. Dogs share many of our genetic disorders (>400 single gene disorders, sex-chomrosome aneuploidies, multifactorial diseases (e.g., epilepsy) and behavioral conditions (e.g., OCD) Chimpanzee genome - Answers Differing from human genome by less than 2%, speciation event separated us about 6.3 mya. Interconnected elements include speciation, gene expression, genome evolution Rhesus Monkey genome - Answers Macaca mulatta, one of most important model organisms for research. Central to our understanding of many diseases including CV disease, aging, diabetes, cancer, depression, osteoporosis; genome ideally suited to comparing and analyzing human/chimpanzee genomes. Neanderthal genome - Answers We have about 2/3 mapped out and we have undergone rapid evolution since divergence, showing 99% identical and 78 new protein-coding sequences. We estimate interbreeding took place 45K to 80K ya. Genome on non-African H. sapiens contains 1-4% sequences inherited from Neanderthals. Homonid - Answers Includes humans and their fossil ancestors Reproductive isolation - Answers Gene flow is prevented between two populations of the same species Comparative genomics is valuable in identifying members of multigene families, like the globin family gene. A group of related multigene families is called a super family. - Answers An ancestral gene encoding oxygen transport protein was duplicated 800 mya producing two sister genes, one of which evolved into modern day myoglobin (oxygen carrying protein, found in muscle) and the other hemoglobin (transport; later split into alpha and beta 50 mya). Tree: 800 mya myoglobin/hemoglobin, 500 mya alpha/beta globins of hemoglobin, and more recent continued splits of B-globins Metagenomics (aka environmental genomics) - Answers Use of whole genome shotgun approaches to sequence genomes from entire communities of microbes in environmental sample (of for instance water, air or soil), to learn of bacterial species present, bacteriophages, identifying genes with novel functions, able to analyze all organisms in a microbial environment. Can give us clues about the environment. Functional genomics - Answers Determines the roles of genetic sequences in a given species, so we are able to understand gene function, which is more interesting than sequencing. Recent projects have enabled us to consider gene function at a more complex level, examining multiple gene groups simultaneously. Proteomics - Answers Seeks to understand the functional roles of proteins within a species and the interactions between them. Recall proteome: entire collection of proteins that an organism can make Bioinformatics - Answers Analyzes biological information using a mathematical/computatio