Human Anatomy & Physiology Exam #3 Review
1) Articulations:
Structural Examples Degree of Functional
Classification Movement Classification
(Anatomical) (Physiological)
• Sutures;
Fibrous • Distal end of tibia/ Immovable Synarthrosis
fibula (one or the same; no
movement)
• Intervertebral Discs
Cartilaginous (between Amphiarthrosis
vertebraes); (partly; some
• Costal Cartilages Slightly Movable movement)
(Rib Cage);
• Epiphyseal Plate (In
the Spongy Bone
Tissue of a Long
Bone)
• Appendages (Arms
Synovial & Legs) Diarthrosis
Freely Movable
(a lot of movement )
Types of Synovial (Diarthrotic Articulations):
1. Unaxial - movement in one plane.
• Example: Elbow, Knee (Hinge, Pivot)
• One direction
2. Biaxial - movement in two planes.
• Example: Wrist, Ankle (Convex into concave depression)
• Two directions; up & down, right & left
3. Multiaxial - movement in many planes.
• Example: Shoulder, Hip (Ball & Socket)
• Multidirection
, 2) Cartilages of the Body:
- A&P term for “cartilage cells” is chondrocytes
• Locations of cartilages attached to skeleton:
• Hyaline Cartilages:
• Articular Cartilages: cover the end of most bones at movable joints
• Costal Cartilages: connect the ribs to the sternum
• Respiratory Cartilages: found in the larynx and other respiratory
structures
• Fibrocartilages:
• Intervertebral Discs: pads located between the vertebrae
• Menisci: Pads located in the knee joint
• Public Symphysis: located where the hip bones join anteriorly
• Locations of cartilages not attached to skeleton:
• Nasal Cartilages: support the external nose (also a hyaline cartilage)
• Elastic Cartilages: Found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guardian of
the airway)
1) Articulations:
Structural Examples Degree of Functional
Classification Movement Classification
(Anatomical) (Physiological)
• Sutures;
Fibrous • Distal end of tibia/ Immovable Synarthrosis
fibula (one or the same; no
movement)
• Intervertebral Discs
Cartilaginous (between Amphiarthrosis
vertebraes); (partly; some
• Costal Cartilages Slightly Movable movement)
(Rib Cage);
• Epiphyseal Plate (In
the Spongy Bone
Tissue of a Long
Bone)
• Appendages (Arms
Synovial & Legs) Diarthrosis
Freely Movable
(a lot of movement )
Types of Synovial (Diarthrotic Articulations):
1. Unaxial - movement in one plane.
• Example: Elbow, Knee (Hinge, Pivot)
• One direction
2. Biaxial - movement in two planes.
• Example: Wrist, Ankle (Convex into concave depression)
• Two directions; up & down, right & left
3. Multiaxial - movement in many planes.
• Example: Shoulder, Hip (Ball & Socket)
• Multidirection
, 2) Cartilages of the Body:
- A&P term for “cartilage cells” is chondrocytes
• Locations of cartilages attached to skeleton:
• Hyaline Cartilages:
• Articular Cartilages: cover the end of most bones at movable joints
• Costal Cartilages: connect the ribs to the sternum
• Respiratory Cartilages: found in the larynx and other respiratory
structures
• Fibrocartilages:
• Intervertebral Discs: pads located between the vertebrae
• Menisci: Pads located in the knee joint
• Public Symphysis: located where the hip bones join anteriorly
• Locations of cartilages not attached to skeleton:
• Nasal Cartilages: support the external nose (also a hyaline cartilage)
• Elastic Cartilages: Found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guardian of
the airway)
