NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm/ Questions & Answers/ Updated
2024-2025.
What can extreme vagal response result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS -epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - CORRECT
ANSWERS -vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS -reduced stroke
volume and fatigue
What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS -diastole and
systole
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - CORRECT ANSWERS -
gravity and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? - CORRECT ANSWERS -tricuspid and bicuspid
(mitral) valves
What are the semilunar valves? - CORRECT ANSWERS -pulmonary and aortic valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? - CORRECT ANSWERS -As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves,
forcing them to open
ejection fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS -measurement of the volume percentage of
left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - CORRECT ANSWERS -ventricles relax
and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps
of the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS -closing of semilunar (aortic
and pulmonary) valves
,What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - CORRECT ANSWERS -semilunar
valves
Stenosis of heart valve - CORRECT ANSWERS -A narrowing of the valve opening,
causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Narrowing of
the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may
include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and
hypertrophy
heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the
heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
Left sided heart failure characteristic - CORRECT ANSWERS -inability of the left
ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - CORRECT
ANSWERS -damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
Biventricular failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -unresolved left sided heart failure will
increase pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure
as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWERS -- high
systemic vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
, - blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - CORRECT ANSWERS -the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWERS -Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWERS -coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWERS --airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWERS -smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWERS -innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - CORRECT
ANSWERS -the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWERS -
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
Midterm/ Questions & Answers/ Updated
2024-2025.
What can extreme vagal response result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS -epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - CORRECT
ANSWERS -vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS -reduced stroke
volume and fatigue
What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS -diastole and
systole
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - CORRECT ANSWERS -
gravity and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? - CORRECT ANSWERS -tricuspid and bicuspid
(mitral) valves
What are the semilunar valves? - CORRECT ANSWERS -pulmonary and aortic valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? - CORRECT ANSWERS -As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves,
forcing them to open
ejection fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS -measurement of the volume percentage of
left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - CORRECT ANSWERS -ventricles relax
and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps
of the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS -closing of semilunar (aortic
and pulmonary) valves
,What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - CORRECT ANSWERS -semilunar
valves
Stenosis of heart valve - CORRECT ANSWERS -A narrowing of the valve opening,
causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Narrowing of
the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may
include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and
hypertrophy
heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the
heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
Left sided heart failure characteristic - CORRECT ANSWERS -inability of the left
ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - CORRECT
ANSWERS -damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
Biventricular failure - CORRECT ANSWERS -unresolved left sided heart failure will
increase pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure
as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWERS -- high
systemic vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
, - blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - CORRECT ANSWERS -the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWERS -Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWERS -coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWERS --airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWERS -smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWERS -innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWERS -white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - CORRECT
ANSWERS -the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWERS -
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
