CARDIAC EXAM N172 STUDY GUIDE
normal blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) - ANSWER sbp<120 dbp<80
stage I htn - ANSWER sbp 130-139
dbp 80-89
stage II htn - ANSWER sbp>140
dbp>90
modifiable risk factors of HTN - ANSWER diabetes
obesity
hyperlipidemia
diet high in salt
sedentary lifestyle
chronic stress/anxiety
smoking
alcohol
non-modifiable risk factors for HTN - ANSWER family history
againg / gender
poverty (socioeconomic)
Primary HTN (essential HTN) - ANSWER BP elevation has an identifiable cause
95% of all cases.
TX: lifestyle management, diet, exercise, medications
Secondary HTN - ANSWER BP elevation with an identified cause. suspected in
patients who suddenly develop an increased BP
TX: aimed at underlying cause
hypertensive urgency - ANSWER occurs typicaly with sbp > 180 and/or dbp > 120
no evidence of organ damage
dizziness
vision changes
headache
typically associated with other comorbid conditions such as chronic HF, prior MI, or
stable angina
, Hypertensive emergency - ANSWER Occurs typically with sbp > 180 and/or dbp >
120
WITH evidence of end stage organ dmage
n/v
seizures
encephalopathy
acute confusion
SAH "worst HA of their life"
HF
dissecting aortic aneurysm
retinopathy
complications of hypertension - ANSWER retinopathies
nephrosclerosis
CKD
end organ damage
atherlosclerosis
CAD
MI
PAD
Diagnostic studies for hypertension - ANSWER **remember diseases come in
groupings, so many of the labs you use to evalute HTN can be used to also evaluate
other overlapping comorbid conditions
CV: fasting lipids (HDL, LDL, triglycerides), fasting blood glucose, A1C
Renal: CBC, CMP, microalbumin, eGFR, 24 hr urine Cr clearance
GI: LFT - looking for fatty lliver (AST/ALT)
Endo: TSH with a reflex free T4
Diagnosing primary and secondary HTN - ANSWER primary: diagnosed with 2 blood
pressure readings > 140/90 on 2 seperate occasions
secondary: considered especially with BP is refractory to standard treatments, or in a
sudden hypertensive crisis.
Medications - ACE inhibitors (-pril) - ANSWER lisinopril (zestril)
enelapril (vasotec)
benazepril (lotensin)
MOA ACE inhibitors - ANSWER inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) from
converting angiotension 1 to angiotensin 2
resulting in peripheral vasodilalation, decreased fluid retention and decreased Na+
retention resulting in decreased BP
normal blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) - ANSWER sbp<120 dbp<80
stage I htn - ANSWER sbp 130-139
dbp 80-89
stage II htn - ANSWER sbp>140
dbp>90
modifiable risk factors of HTN - ANSWER diabetes
obesity
hyperlipidemia
diet high in salt
sedentary lifestyle
chronic stress/anxiety
smoking
alcohol
non-modifiable risk factors for HTN - ANSWER family history
againg / gender
poverty (socioeconomic)
Primary HTN (essential HTN) - ANSWER BP elevation has an identifiable cause
95% of all cases.
TX: lifestyle management, diet, exercise, medications
Secondary HTN - ANSWER BP elevation with an identified cause. suspected in
patients who suddenly develop an increased BP
TX: aimed at underlying cause
hypertensive urgency - ANSWER occurs typicaly with sbp > 180 and/or dbp > 120
no evidence of organ damage
dizziness
vision changes
headache
typically associated with other comorbid conditions such as chronic HF, prior MI, or
stable angina
, Hypertensive emergency - ANSWER Occurs typically with sbp > 180 and/or dbp >
120
WITH evidence of end stage organ dmage
n/v
seizures
encephalopathy
acute confusion
SAH "worst HA of their life"
HF
dissecting aortic aneurysm
retinopathy
complications of hypertension - ANSWER retinopathies
nephrosclerosis
CKD
end organ damage
atherlosclerosis
CAD
MI
PAD
Diagnostic studies for hypertension - ANSWER **remember diseases come in
groupings, so many of the labs you use to evalute HTN can be used to also evaluate
other overlapping comorbid conditions
CV: fasting lipids (HDL, LDL, triglycerides), fasting blood glucose, A1C
Renal: CBC, CMP, microalbumin, eGFR, 24 hr urine Cr clearance
GI: LFT - looking for fatty lliver (AST/ALT)
Endo: TSH with a reflex free T4
Diagnosing primary and secondary HTN - ANSWER primary: diagnosed with 2 blood
pressure readings > 140/90 on 2 seperate occasions
secondary: considered especially with BP is refractory to standard treatments, or in a
sudden hypertensive crisis.
Medications - ACE inhibitors (-pril) - ANSWER lisinopril (zestril)
enelapril (vasotec)
benazepril (lotensin)
MOA ACE inhibitors - ANSWER inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) from
converting angiotension 1 to angiotensin 2
resulting in peripheral vasodilalation, decreased fluid retention and decreased Na+
retention resulting in decreased BP
