MMG 301 FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE
Biosafety levels BSL - Answer BSL1-few safety controls open lab bench non pathogenic
organisms
BSL2-open bench gloves lab coat eye protection required-moderate pathogens
BSL3-designed for pathogens; organisms manipulated in biological safety cabinets
room under neg pressure filtration of air
BSL4-life threatening pathogens transmitted by aerosols, pressurized suits for
workers-ebola
the common sources to obtain clinical specimens - Answer 1. blood-look for bactermia
or viremia-bacteria in blood presence of antibodies to pathogen
2. urine-bacteriuria bacteria in urine, urinanalysis dip stick growth dependent
3. feces-intestinal pathogens
4. abscesses and wounds-swab
5. throat/nasal swabs
6. genital samples-sexually transmitted pathogens
growth dependent identification - Answer clinical specimens used to obtain pure
cultures of bacteria
selective vs differential medium - Answer selective-contains substances that inhibit
growth of certain types of bacteria
Differential-compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and
products
ways to test sensitivity to antibiotics - Answer test sensitivity to drug best used to treat
pathogen
testing methods
1. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) tube dilution assay-the clear tubes
2. disk diffusion assay-pure culture on plate disks containing antibiotcs are placed on
plate comes up with clear lawn around it the clear spot in the cloudy area. aka kirby
bauer test
3. Etest-MIC is read from edge of clear zone using the scale on strips
,antigen-antibody immunoassay reactions - Answer highly specific recognition of an
antibody for its related antigen
allows for diagnostic-detection of antigens in blood, urine, serum means you have
pathogen same with if you find antibodies you have pathogen
antibody and antigen definitions - Answer antibody-blood protein produced in response
to antigen, combines with toxin/foreign substance
antigen-a toxin which induces immune response-antibodys
epitopes - Answer where antibody attaches itself-epitopes are on antigens
reaction is specific due to antibodies recognizing and binding to epitopes on proteins
serology - Answer serology:is the use of antigen-antibody reactions to detect antigens
and antibodies
serotype: identification of a pathogen using antigens on its external surface!
identify serotypes
serotypes are the different kinds of antigens to identify strains identified by host range,
virulence factors, and symptoms
done by using antibodies for genetic analysis by PCR or fingerprinting
E.coli serotypes
Influenza serotypes
1. antigens used
2. naming of pathogen
3. example - Answer E.coli
antigens-LPS(O) and flagella(H)
naming-O#H#
example-O157H7
Influenza
antigens-hemaglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N)
naming-H#N#
example-H1N1
antibody titer - Answer lowerst concentration of serum at which an antibody antigen
,reaction is observed
mantoux skin test - Answer common for testing of previous exposure or current
infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis
inject MT antigen into body if swollen then you have latent infection
Agglutination - Answer soluble antibodies cause clumping of antigens that are on the
surface of synthetic particle or cell
ex: agglutination of blood cells in blood typing (hemagglutination)
staph aureus
antibodies bind blood cell
produce cisible clumping and aggregation
immunofluorescence - Answer uses specific antibodies that are chemically linked to
fluorescent molecules to detect pathogen
1. Direct-purified antibodies labeled w/fluorescent molecule
2. Indirect-antibodies can also be made that recognize antibodies from another host.
antirabbit antibodies purified and labeled w/fluorescent-increases sensitivity of
detection
Enzyme immunosorbent assays EIA or ELISA - Answer enzymes chemically attached to
purified antibodies-produce colored product
1. direct- immunoassays use immobilized antibody to test for an antigen from the patient
2. indirect-use immobilized antigen to detect antibodies from a patient
PCR to detect pathogens - Answer one of the most powerful diagnostic tools
does patient sample contain DNA of a specific pathogen
PCR product is made if PCR primer sequences exactly base pair with pathogen DNA
1. template
2. primers bind to template
qPCR quantitative real time PCR - Answer diagnostic PCR products can be detected by
this
requires thermocycler
a fluorescent probe-fluorescence increases as double stranded DNA product is made
binds DNA product
, the line that is closest as has less amplification cycles has more E.coli
types of genome alterations - Answer genome rearrangements
mobile genetic elements (plasmids)
phage integrations
pathogenecity islands
all alterations associated with increased antibiotic resistance
different bacterial serotypes can have different genome organization or structure-why
16srRNA wont identify serotypes
Growth independent methods - Answer performed directly on clinical specimens
-detect pathogens by molecular recognition
base pairing, PCR, antibodies
find specificity and sensitivity
Growth dependent methods - Answer requires growth in diagnostic media
provides identification and treatment options by testing antibiotic sensitivity
MIC, kirby bauer, Etest`
The different modes of action of antibiotics
5 groups - Answer 1. inhibition of critical metabolic pathway
2. inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis
3. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
4. inhibition of translation
5. alteration of cell membranes
antibiotics definition - Answer synthetic or naturally occuring chemicals taken .
internally that inhibit or kill pathogenic bacteria
what makes a good antibiotic? - Answer selective toxicity-kills pathogenic microbes
without significant damage to host cells
efficacy against specific pathogen with lowest dosage
-therapeutic dose-concentration for effective treatment
-toxic dose-level at which drug becomes toxic to host
GUIDE
Biosafety levels BSL - Answer BSL1-few safety controls open lab bench non pathogenic
organisms
BSL2-open bench gloves lab coat eye protection required-moderate pathogens
BSL3-designed for pathogens; organisms manipulated in biological safety cabinets
room under neg pressure filtration of air
BSL4-life threatening pathogens transmitted by aerosols, pressurized suits for
workers-ebola
the common sources to obtain clinical specimens - Answer 1. blood-look for bactermia
or viremia-bacteria in blood presence of antibodies to pathogen
2. urine-bacteriuria bacteria in urine, urinanalysis dip stick growth dependent
3. feces-intestinal pathogens
4. abscesses and wounds-swab
5. throat/nasal swabs
6. genital samples-sexually transmitted pathogens
growth dependent identification - Answer clinical specimens used to obtain pure
cultures of bacteria
selective vs differential medium - Answer selective-contains substances that inhibit
growth of certain types of bacteria
Differential-compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and
products
ways to test sensitivity to antibiotics - Answer test sensitivity to drug best used to treat
pathogen
testing methods
1. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) tube dilution assay-the clear tubes
2. disk diffusion assay-pure culture on plate disks containing antibiotcs are placed on
plate comes up with clear lawn around it the clear spot in the cloudy area. aka kirby
bauer test
3. Etest-MIC is read from edge of clear zone using the scale on strips
,antigen-antibody immunoassay reactions - Answer highly specific recognition of an
antibody for its related antigen
allows for diagnostic-detection of antigens in blood, urine, serum means you have
pathogen same with if you find antibodies you have pathogen
antibody and antigen definitions - Answer antibody-blood protein produced in response
to antigen, combines with toxin/foreign substance
antigen-a toxin which induces immune response-antibodys
epitopes - Answer where antibody attaches itself-epitopes are on antigens
reaction is specific due to antibodies recognizing and binding to epitopes on proteins
serology - Answer serology:is the use of antigen-antibody reactions to detect antigens
and antibodies
serotype: identification of a pathogen using antigens on its external surface!
identify serotypes
serotypes are the different kinds of antigens to identify strains identified by host range,
virulence factors, and symptoms
done by using antibodies for genetic analysis by PCR or fingerprinting
E.coli serotypes
Influenza serotypes
1. antigens used
2. naming of pathogen
3. example - Answer E.coli
antigens-LPS(O) and flagella(H)
naming-O#H#
example-O157H7
Influenza
antigens-hemaglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N)
naming-H#N#
example-H1N1
antibody titer - Answer lowerst concentration of serum at which an antibody antigen
,reaction is observed
mantoux skin test - Answer common for testing of previous exposure or current
infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis
inject MT antigen into body if swollen then you have latent infection
Agglutination - Answer soluble antibodies cause clumping of antigens that are on the
surface of synthetic particle or cell
ex: agglutination of blood cells in blood typing (hemagglutination)
staph aureus
antibodies bind blood cell
produce cisible clumping and aggregation
immunofluorescence - Answer uses specific antibodies that are chemically linked to
fluorescent molecules to detect pathogen
1. Direct-purified antibodies labeled w/fluorescent molecule
2. Indirect-antibodies can also be made that recognize antibodies from another host.
antirabbit antibodies purified and labeled w/fluorescent-increases sensitivity of
detection
Enzyme immunosorbent assays EIA or ELISA - Answer enzymes chemically attached to
purified antibodies-produce colored product
1. direct- immunoassays use immobilized antibody to test for an antigen from the patient
2. indirect-use immobilized antigen to detect antibodies from a patient
PCR to detect pathogens - Answer one of the most powerful diagnostic tools
does patient sample contain DNA of a specific pathogen
PCR product is made if PCR primer sequences exactly base pair with pathogen DNA
1. template
2. primers bind to template
qPCR quantitative real time PCR - Answer diagnostic PCR products can be detected by
this
requires thermocycler
a fluorescent probe-fluorescence increases as double stranded DNA product is made
binds DNA product
, the line that is closest as has less amplification cycles has more E.coli
types of genome alterations - Answer genome rearrangements
mobile genetic elements (plasmids)
phage integrations
pathogenecity islands
all alterations associated with increased antibiotic resistance
different bacterial serotypes can have different genome organization or structure-why
16srRNA wont identify serotypes
Growth independent methods - Answer performed directly on clinical specimens
-detect pathogens by molecular recognition
base pairing, PCR, antibodies
find specificity and sensitivity
Growth dependent methods - Answer requires growth in diagnostic media
provides identification and treatment options by testing antibiotic sensitivity
MIC, kirby bauer, Etest`
The different modes of action of antibiotics
5 groups - Answer 1. inhibition of critical metabolic pathway
2. inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis
3. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
4. inhibition of translation
5. alteration of cell membranes
antibiotics definition - Answer synthetic or naturally occuring chemicals taken .
internally that inhibit or kill pathogenic bacteria
what makes a good antibiotic? - Answer selective toxicity-kills pathogenic microbes
without significant damage to host cells
efficacy against specific pathogen with lowest dosage
-therapeutic dose-concentration for effective treatment
-toxic dose-level at which drug becomes toxic to host
