psych 310 midterm || All Answers Are Correct 100%.
sources of knowledge correct answers tenacity
intuition
authority
faith
rational
empiricism
method of tenacity correct answers Ideas are accepted as truth because (1) they've been around
for a long time and/or (2) based on superstition
method of intuition correct answers Information is accepted as being true because it makes sense,
seems plausible, or feels right.
method of authority correct answers Knowledge obtained from an authority figure or expert in a
given area.
method of faith correct answers Knowledge obtained from an authority figure and based on
complete trust - parents, teachers, clergy, spiritual leaders.
rational method correct answers Knowledge acquired through logical reasoning.
Begin with known facts or assumptions (premise statements) and use logic (arguments) to arrive
at an answer (conclusion).
empiricism correct answers Knowledge acquired through direct observation or personal
experience.
the scientific method correct answers A systematic way of examining a specific issue or
problem.
Series of techniques for acquiring new knowledge and also for correcting previous knowledge.
Knowledge is constantly evolving - what is true today may be proven false tomorrow.
fundamental assumption correct answers The world is orderly and governed by natural laws.
There are links between events - cause and effect relationships.
The scientific method allows us to uncover these laws.
the importance of logic correct answers We discover the laws of nature through a process of
logical thinking.
Helps us arrive at an understanding of various cause-effect relationships.
goals of research correct answers Observe
Describe
Explain
Predict
,research approaches correct answers basic
applied
basic correct answers Understand a particular phenomena, e.g., how alcohol affects the brain
applied correct answers Solve a particular problem, e.g., treatment for alcohol addiction
step 1 (the scientific method) correct answers Observe a phenomenon and reach a conclusion -
develop a theory.
inductive reasoning correct answers Make a generalization based on a few observations.
Develop theories from data (observation)
theory correct answers Through observing events, we arrive at an explanation about the cause
and effect relationship between them.
A statement or series of statements that:
-organize our observations and ideas, -explain our observations, and -predict events not yet
observed.
theory conditions correct answers parsimony
precision
testability
parsimony correct answers It should be able to explain many results with few concepts.
precision correct answers A theory must be precise enough so that different investigators can
agree about its predictions.
testability correct answers A theory must make predictions that can be tested empirically
(falsifiability).
step 2 (the scientific method) correct answers Formulating a general hypothesis.
hypothesis correct answers Proposed relationship between variables - tentative answer that must
be tested and critically evaluated.
variables types correct answers independent variable
dependent variable
independent variable correct answers Can be thought of as the cause and is manipulated by the
experimenter.
dependent variable correct answers Can be thought of as the effect that results from the
manipulation of the independent variable.
, step 3 (the scientific method) correct answers Generating a research hypothesis.
A specific statement about the expected relationship between variables on a given situation.
deductive reasoning correct answers Begin with a general observation to make a prediction about
a specific situation.
From theories you develop hypotheses to test.
step 4 (the scientific method) correct answers Making systematic, planned observations.
Collect and analyze data.
step 5 (the scientific method) correct answers Evaluating the research hypothesis.
Based on observations, support, refute or refine the research hypothesis.
data cycle correct answers theory - deduction (hypothesis) - data - induction (theory) - back to
theory
3 principles of the scientific method correct answers empirical
public
objective
empirical correct answers A phenomenon must be systematically observed in order to be
accepted.
public correct answers The methods used must be available to others (transparency) to allow for
verification and replication.
objective correct answers Observations and conclusions must be free of bias and personal
opinions.
categories of research correct answers applied research
basic research
applied research correct answers Research directed toward solving practical problems.
basic research correct answers Research intended to solve theoretical issues.
literature correct answers The mass of published information worldwide.
goals of a lit search correct answers 1. To gain a general familiarity with the current research in
your specific area of
interest
2. To find a small set of research studies to serve as the basis for your research idea
3. Identify a gap in that knowledge base that your study will attempt to fill
sources of knowledge correct answers tenacity
intuition
authority
faith
rational
empiricism
method of tenacity correct answers Ideas are accepted as truth because (1) they've been around
for a long time and/or (2) based on superstition
method of intuition correct answers Information is accepted as being true because it makes sense,
seems plausible, or feels right.
method of authority correct answers Knowledge obtained from an authority figure or expert in a
given area.
method of faith correct answers Knowledge obtained from an authority figure and based on
complete trust - parents, teachers, clergy, spiritual leaders.
rational method correct answers Knowledge acquired through logical reasoning.
Begin with known facts or assumptions (premise statements) and use logic (arguments) to arrive
at an answer (conclusion).
empiricism correct answers Knowledge acquired through direct observation or personal
experience.
the scientific method correct answers A systematic way of examining a specific issue or
problem.
Series of techniques for acquiring new knowledge and also for correcting previous knowledge.
Knowledge is constantly evolving - what is true today may be proven false tomorrow.
fundamental assumption correct answers The world is orderly and governed by natural laws.
There are links between events - cause and effect relationships.
The scientific method allows us to uncover these laws.
the importance of logic correct answers We discover the laws of nature through a process of
logical thinking.
Helps us arrive at an understanding of various cause-effect relationships.
goals of research correct answers Observe
Describe
Explain
Predict
,research approaches correct answers basic
applied
basic correct answers Understand a particular phenomena, e.g., how alcohol affects the brain
applied correct answers Solve a particular problem, e.g., treatment for alcohol addiction
step 1 (the scientific method) correct answers Observe a phenomenon and reach a conclusion -
develop a theory.
inductive reasoning correct answers Make a generalization based on a few observations.
Develop theories from data (observation)
theory correct answers Through observing events, we arrive at an explanation about the cause
and effect relationship between them.
A statement or series of statements that:
-organize our observations and ideas, -explain our observations, and -predict events not yet
observed.
theory conditions correct answers parsimony
precision
testability
parsimony correct answers It should be able to explain many results with few concepts.
precision correct answers A theory must be precise enough so that different investigators can
agree about its predictions.
testability correct answers A theory must make predictions that can be tested empirically
(falsifiability).
step 2 (the scientific method) correct answers Formulating a general hypothesis.
hypothesis correct answers Proposed relationship between variables - tentative answer that must
be tested and critically evaluated.
variables types correct answers independent variable
dependent variable
independent variable correct answers Can be thought of as the cause and is manipulated by the
experimenter.
dependent variable correct answers Can be thought of as the effect that results from the
manipulation of the independent variable.
, step 3 (the scientific method) correct answers Generating a research hypothesis.
A specific statement about the expected relationship between variables on a given situation.
deductive reasoning correct answers Begin with a general observation to make a prediction about
a specific situation.
From theories you develop hypotheses to test.
step 4 (the scientific method) correct answers Making systematic, planned observations.
Collect and analyze data.
step 5 (the scientific method) correct answers Evaluating the research hypothesis.
Based on observations, support, refute or refine the research hypothesis.
data cycle correct answers theory - deduction (hypothesis) - data - induction (theory) - back to
theory
3 principles of the scientific method correct answers empirical
public
objective
empirical correct answers A phenomenon must be systematically observed in order to be
accepted.
public correct answers The methods used must be available to others (transparency) to allow for
verification and replication.
objective correct answers Observations and conclusions must be free of bias and personal
opinions.
categories of research correct answers applied research
basic research
applied research correct answers Research directed toward solving practical problems.
basic research correct answers Research intended to solve theoretical issues.
literature correct answers The mass of published information worldwide.
goals of a lit search correct answers 1. To gain a general familiarity with the current research in
your specific area of
interest
2. To find a small set of research studies to serve as the basis for your research idea
3. Identify a gap in that knowledge base that your study will attempt to fill
