Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
Many well-known names in the history of medicine are
associated with the study of urine, including Hippocrates, who,
in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on "uroscopy." During
the Middle Ages, physicians concentrated their efforts very in
tensively on the art of uroscopy, receiving instruction in urine
examination as part of their training (Fig. 2-2). By 1140 CE,
color charts had been developed that described the significance
of 20 different colors (Fig. 2-3). Chemical testing progressed
from "ant testing" and "taste testing" for glucose to Frederik
Dekkers' discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine. FUN FACTS
History
References to the study of urine can be found in the
drawings of cavemen and in Egyptian hieroglyphics, such as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus.
Often these physicians never saw the patient,
only the patient's urine. Although these physicians lacked the sophisticated testing mechanisms
now available, they were able to obtain diagnostic information from such basic observations as
, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
color, turbidity, odor, volume, viscosity, and even sweetness (by noting that certain specimens
attracted ants
or tasted sweet).
1. Urine is a readily available and easily collected specimen.
2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about
many of the body's major metabolic functions. Two unique characteristics of a urine
specimen account
for this continued popularity:
In general, urine consists of urea and other organic and inor
ganic chemicals dissolved in water. Urine is normally 95%
water and 5% solutes, although considerable variations in the
concentrations of these solutes can occur owing to the influ
ence of factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, body
metabolism, and endocrine functions. FUN FACTS
The kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of
, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
plasma. Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essentialto body function converts
approximately 170,000 mL of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL.
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium What are the primary components in a normal urine? Enumerate.
Oliguria a decrease in urine output, commonlyseen when the body enters a state of
dehydration as a resultof excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration,or severe
burns.
Anuria
Questions With Solutions
Many well-known names in the history of medicine are
associated with the study of urine, including Hippocrates, who,
in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on "uroscopy." During
the Middle Ages, physicians concentrated their efforts very in
tensively on the art of uroscopy, receiving instruction in urine
examination as part of their training (Fig. 2-2). By 1140 CE,
color charts had been developed that described the significance
of 20 different colors (Fig. 2-3). Chemical testing progressed
from "ant testing" and "taste testing" for glucose to Frederik
Dekkers' discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine. FUN FACTS
History
References to the study of urine can be found in the
drawings of cavemen and in Egyptian hieroglyphics, such as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus.
Often these physicians never saw the patient,
only the patient's urine. Although these physicians lacked the sophisticated testing mechanisms
now available, they were able to obtain diagnostic information from such basic observations as
, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
color, turbidity, odor, volume, viscosity, and even sweetness (by noting that certain specimens
attracted ants
or tasted sweet).
1. Urine is a readily available and easily collected specimen.
2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about
many of the body's major metabolic functions. Two unique characteristics of a urine
specimen account
for this continued popularity:
In general, urine consists of urea and other organic and inor
ganic chemicals dissolved in water. Urine is normally 95%
water and 5% solutes, although considerable variations in the
concentrations of these solutes can occur owing to the influ
ence of factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, body
metabolism, and endocrine functions. FUN FACTS
The kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of
, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
plasma. Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essentialto body function converts
approximately 170,000 mL of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL.
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium What are the primary components in a normal urine? Enumerate.
Oliguria a decrease in urine output, commonlyseen when the body enters a state of
dehydration as a resultof excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration,or severe
burns.
Anuria
