BIO3710 Midterm Study Guide Part 1

What is a preventive measure? - Removal of risk factors, early detection and treatment, and reduction of complications Define manifestation of a disease. - How the disease is presented, signs and symptoms are terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease What is the difference between a sign and symptom - -sign: a manifestation that is noted by an observer. -symptom: a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder - What is a complication of a disease? - Possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment. Epidemiology - study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious diseases among humans Epidemic - abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates Pandemic - spread of disease beyond continental boundaries Occurrence of a Disease - the quantification of disease occurrence within a specific population Mortality - statistics provide information about the causes of death in a given population Morbidity - describes the effects an illness has on a persons life What is a syndrome - A compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state What is an acute/ chronic disease? - Acute: relatively severe, but self-limiting Chronic: continuous or episodic, but taking place over a long period) Define all cellular changes: hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, atrophy - Atrophy: decrease in cell size Hypertrophy: increase in cell size Metaplasia: replacement of adult cells Dysplasia: deranged cell growth of a specific tissue What are the chemical mediators released during inflammation - -bradykinin: injured cells release this to activate pain receptors -histamine: from the mast cell granulates, immediate vasodilation, increase capillary permeability -Chemotactic factors: from mast cell granulates, attract neutrophils to cite of inflammation -platelet activating factor (PAF): from cell membrane of platelets, activate neutrophils and cause platelet aggregation -cytokines (interleukins, lymphokines): from T lymphocytes and macrophages, increase plasma protein, induce fever (pyrogen), chemotaxis, leukocytosis -compliment system What is the complement system and what is its function? - -activation of plasma protein cascade -vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, increased histamine release What is the process of inflammation - inflammation localizes and eliminates microbes, foreign particles, and abnormal cells and paves the way for repair of the injured tissue. What are the signs of inflammation? - redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function Treatment for inflammation - -Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA): Aspirin -acetaminophen: Tylenol -NSAIDS (nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs): ibuprofen -Glucocorticoids: corticosteroids Steps of the healing process - -inflammatory phase: time of injury, hemostatic processes are activated -proliferative phase: Granulation tissue and epithelial growth -remodeling phase: simultaneous synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts and lysis by collagenous enzymes -> leaves scar